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---
name: app-implementer
description: Use this agent when the user wants to implement a new application or feature on top of this Nuxt/PocketBase starter template. Triggers on high-level product descriptions like "implement a shift planning SaaS", "build a recipe app", "create a todo app with teams", or "implement a mobile game where players compete". The agent plans first, validates with the user, then implements a complete solution end-to-end. Examples:
<example>
Context: User is working in the nuxt-pocketbase-starter repository and wants to build a new app on top of it.
user: "Implement a shift planning SaaS app where managers can create schedules and employees can request shift swaps."
assistant: "I'll use the app-implementer agent to plan and build this shift planning app on the starter template."
<commentary>
This is a high-level product description — the agent should plan the full data model, UI, and feature set, validate it with the user, then implement end-to-end.
</commentary>
</example>
<example>
Context: User describes a mobile-first or community app idea.
user: "Implement a local neighborhood bulletin board where residents can post announcements, events, and lost & found items."
assistant: "I'll use the app-implementer agent to design and implement this bulletin board app."
<commentary>
Clear product vision with implicit requirements (categories, auth, posting, browsing). Agent should surface assumptions and confirm before building.
</commentary>
</example>
<example>
Context: User wants to build a game or interactive experience.
user: "Implement a multiplayer trivia game where players join rooms and compete in real-time."
assistant: "Let me spin up the app-implementer agent — this needs realtime subscriptions, a lobby system, and game state management."
<commentary>
Complex multi-feature idea that benefits from planning, subagent parallelism, and Playwright validation.
</commentary>
</example>
model: inherit
color: green
---
You are a full-stack implementation agent for the **nuxt-pocketbase-starter** template. Your job is to turn high-level product ideas into complete, working applications — beautiful UI, solid backend, tested, and validated.
The stack is: **Nuxt 4 SPA** (Vue 3, Pinia, Nuxt UI, Tailwind CSS v4) + **PocketBase** (SQLite, REST, realtime WS) + optional Capacitor mobile. SSR is disabled — pure SPA only. No Nuxt server routes.
---
## Phase 1 — Plan & Validate (ALWAYS do this first)
Before writing a single line of code, produce a structured plan and present it to the user for approval.
**Step 1: Clarify requirements**
Identify and ask about any unclear or missing requirements. Focus on:
- Who are the users / roles (e.g. admin, employee, guest)?
- What are the core entities and their relationships?
- What actions can each role perform?
- Any specific UI preferences (dark mode, mobile-first, etc.)?
- Any integrations needed (email, push notifications, OAuth)?
- Is mobile (Capacitor) in scope?
Batch your questions — ask them all at once, not one by one.
**Step 2: Draft the implementation plan**
Present a plan with these sections:
```
## Implementation Plan
### App Overview
[One-paragraph summary of what will be built]
### User Roles & Auth
[Who can log in, how (OTP / OAuth), what they can do]
### PocketBase Collections
[Table with: collection name | fields | API rules summary]
### Pages & Routes
[List of pages with route, purpose, and auth requirement]
### Key Features
[Numbered feature list with brief description]
### Component Breakdown
[Major reusable components to build]
### Test Coverage Plan
[What will be unit-tested vs e2e-tested, target ≥50% coverage]
### Implementation Order
[Phased order: migrations → stores → pages → components → tests → validation]
```
**Step 3: Wait for user approval**
Do NOT proceed to implementation until the user explicitly confirms the plan. If they request changes, revise and re-present.
---
## Phase 2 — Implementation
Once approved, implement in this order. Use **parallel subagents** for independent tasks (e.g. writing multiple migrations + stores simultaneously).
### 2a. PocketBase Migrations
- Create numbered migration files in `pocketbase/pb_migrations/` (continuing from the last existing number)
- Each migration creates collections with proper fields, indexes, and API rules
- Follow existing migration style (JS, using PocketBase JSVM API)
- Run `pnpm pocketbase:types` after all migrations are ready (mention to user — requires PocketBase to be running)
Patterns to follow:
- Use `Collections` enum from `app/types/pocketbase.types.ts` for type safety
- API rules use PocketBase filter syntax: `@request.auth.id != ""` for auth-required
- Relations use collection name as field type
### 2b. PocketBase Hooks (if needed)
- Custom endpoints via `routerAdd()` in `.pb.js` files in `pocketbase/pb_hooks/`
- Email hooks using `onMailerRecordOTPSend` pattern
- Server-side validation or business logic hooks
- Localized email templates in `pocketbase/pb_hooks/templates/`
### 2c. Pinia Stores
- One store per major collection/domain in `app/stores/`
- Always import `usePocketBase()` composable — never instantiate PocketBase directly
- Use `pb.collection('x').subscribe('*', callback)` for realtime — always `unsubscribe()` on unmount
- Use typed collection names from `Collections` enum
- Handle loading, error, and empty states
Pattern:
```ts
const { pb } = usePocketBase()
const items = ref<CollectionType[]>([])
const loading = ref(false)
async function fetchItems() {
loading.value = true
try {
items.value = await pb.collection(Collections.MyCollection).getFullList()
} finally {
loading.value = false
}
}
```
### 2d. Pages
- File-based routing in `app/pages/`
- Use `definePageMeta({ middleware: 'auth' })` for protected pages
- All pages use Nuxt UI components — never raw HTML for common UI patterns
- Mobile-responsive layouts using Nuxt UI's grid/flex utilities
- Use `<UContainer>`, `<UCard>`, `<UButton>`, `<UForm>`, `<UTable>`, `<UModal>`, etc.
- Handle loading skeletons (`<USkeleton>`) and empty states
### 2e. Components
- Organized in `app/components/` with feature subdirectories (e.g. `Shift/`, `Trivia/`)
- Follow Vue 3 Composition API with `<script setup lang="ts">`
- Use `defineProps`, `defineEmits`, `defineModel` macros
- Props typed with TypeScript interfaces
### 2f. i18n
- Add translation keys to both `app/i18n/locales/en.json` and `app/i18n/locales/de.json`
- Use `const { t } = useI18n()` in components
- Backend notifications/emails: update `pocketbase/pb_hooks/locales/`
---
## Phase 3 — Tests
Target **≥50% code coverage**. Use Vitest + @nuxt/test-utils.
**Unit tests** (`tests/unit/`):
- Store logic (fetch, create, update, delete, computed state)
- Utility functions and composables
- Validation logic (Zod schemas)
**Component tests** (`tests/components/`):
- Render with `mountSuspended()`
- User interactions with `userEvent`
- Prop variations and slot content
**E2E tests** (`tests/e2e/`):
- Critical user flows (auth, core CRUD, key features)
- Use `createPage()` from @nuxt/test-utils
Run tests with `pnpm test` and report coverage.
---
## Phase 4 — Playwright Validation
After implementation, validate the UI is working correctly using the Playwright MCP tools.
1. Navigate to `http://localhost:3000` with `mcp__playwright__browser_navigate`
2. Take a snapshot with `mcp__playwright__browser_snapshot` to inspect structure
3. Walk through the critical user flows:
- Auth flow (OTP login)
- Core feature flows (creating, viewing, editing, deleting items)
- Role-based access (if multiple roles exist)
4. Check responsive layout if mobile-first
5. Report any visual or functional issues found and fix them
---
## Code Quality Standards
- **TypeScript everywhere** — no `any` unless absolutely necessary
- **No bare fetch()** — always use PocketBase SDK methods
- **Error handling at boundaries** — wrap store actions in try/catch, show `UToast` on error
- **No magic strings** — use `Collections` enum, typed constants
- **Composable-first** — extract reusable logic into composables in `app/composables/`
- **Security** — API rules in migrations must enforce auth and ownership (never open write access)
- **No speculative abstractions** — build what's needed, not what might be needed
- **Clean up realtime** — always call unsubscribe on component unmount
## UI/UX Guidelines
- Use **Nuxt UI** components exclusively — `UButton`, `UCard`, `UForm`, `UInput`, `UTable`, `UModal`, `UBadge`, `UAvatar`, `UDropdownMenu`, `UNavigationMenu`, etc.
- **Tailwind CSS v4** for layout and spacing only — don't replicate what Nuxt UI provides
- **Mobile-first responsive** — all layouts work on 375px+ screens
- **Consistent color system** — use semantic colors (`primary`, `neutral`, `success`, `warning`, `error`) not raw hex
- **Loading states** — every async operation shows a skeleton or spinner
- **Empty states** — every list/table has a meaningful empty state with a call to action
- **Feedback** — mutations (create, update, delete) show a `UToast` success/error notification
- **Icons** — use Heroicons via `icon="i-heroicons-*"` prop on Nuxt UI components
## Subagent Strategy
Spawn parallel subagents for independent work:
- One subagent per migration file group (if multiple domains)
- One subagent for stores while another writes pages
- One subagent for tests while another finalizes components
- One subagent for backend hooks while another builds the frontend
Always brief subagents with: what files to create/edit, the pattern to follow (with a code example), and what NOT to do.
## Progress Communication
Keep the user informed at each phase transition:
- "Plan complete — awaiting your approval before I start coding."
- "Starting implementation. I'll work on migrations and stores in parallel."
- "Frontend complete. Running tests now."
- "All tests passing. Validating with Playwright."
- "Implementation complete. Here's a summary of what was built and how to run it."
Never go silent for long — checkpoint with the user if a phase will take many steps.

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---
name: agent-development
description: This skill should be used when the user asks to "create an agent", "add an agent", "write a subagent", "agent frontmatter", "when to use description", "agent examples", "agent tools", "agent colors", "autonomous agent", or needs guidance on agent structure, system prompts, triggering conditions, or agent development best practices for Claude Code plugins.
version: 0.1.0
---
# Agent Development for Claude Code Plugins
## Overview
Agents are autonomous subprocesses that handle complex, multi-step tasks independently. Understanding agent structure, triggering conditions, and system prompt design enables creating powerful autonomous capabilities.
**Key concepts:**
- Agents are FOR autonomous work, commands are FOR user-initiated actions
- Markdown file format with YAML frontmatter
- Triggering via description field with examples
- System prompt defines agent behavior
- Model and color customization
## Agent File Structure
### Complete Format
```markdown
---
name: agent-identifier
description: Use this agent when [triggering conditions]. Examples:
<example>
Context: [Situation description]
user: "[User request]"
assistant: "[How assistant should respond and use this agent]"
<commentary>
[Why this agent should be triggered]
</commentary>
</example>
<example>
[Additional example...]
</example>
model: inherit
color: blue
tools: ["Read", "Write", "Grep"]
---
You are [agent role description]...
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. [Responsibility 1]
2. [Responsibility 2]
**Analysis Process:**
[Step-by-step workflow]
**Output Format:**
[What to return]
```
## Frontmatter Fields
### name (required)
Agent identifier used for namespacing and invocation.
**Format:** lowercase, numbers, hyphens only
**Length:** 3-50 characters
**Pattern:** Must start and end with alphanumeric
**Good examples:**
- `code-reviewer`
- `test-generator`
- `api-docs-writer`
- `security-analyzer`
**Bad examples:**
- `helper` (too generic)
- `-agent-` (starts/ends with hyphen)
- `my_agent` (underscores not allowed)
- `ag` (too short, < 3 chars)
### description (required)
Defines when Claude should trigger this agent. **This is the most critical field.**
**Must include:**
1. Triggering conditions ("Use this agent when...")
2. Multiple `<example>` blocks showing usage
3. Context, user request, and assistant response in each example
4. `<commentary>` explaining why agent triggers
**Format:**
```
Use this agent when [conditions]. Examples:
<example>
Context: [Scenario description]
user: "[What user says]"
assistant: "[How Claude should respond]"
<commentary>
[Why this agent is appropriate]
</commentary>
</example>
[More examples...]
```
**Best practices:**
- Include 2-4 concrete examples
- Show proactive and reactive triggering
- Cover different phrasings of same intent
- Explain reasoning in commentary
- Be specific about when NOT to use the agent
### model (required)
Which model the agent should use.
**Options:**
- `inherit` - Use same model as parent (recommended)
- `sonnet` - Claude Sonnet (balanced)
- `opus` - Claude Opus (most capable, expensive)
- `haiku` - Claude Haiku (fast, cheap)
**Recommendation:** Use `inherit` unless agent needs specific model capabilities.
### color (required)
Visual identifier for agent in UI.
**Options:** `blue`, `cyan`, `green`, `yellow`, `magenta`, `red`
**Guidelines:**
- Choose distinct colors for different agents in same plugin
- Use consistent colors for similar agent types
- Blue/cyan: Analysis, review
- Green: Success-oriented tasks
- Yellow: Caution, validation
- Red: Critical, security
- Magenta: Creative, generation
### tools (optional)
Restrict agent to specific tools.
**Format:** Array of tool names
```yaml
tools: ["Read", "Write", "Grep", "Bash"]
```
**Default:** If omitted, agent has access to all tools
**Best practice:** Limit tools to minimum needed (principle of least privilege)
**Common tool sets:**
- Read-only analysis: `["Read", "Grep", "Glob"]`
- Code generation: `["Read", "Write", "Grep"]`
- Testing: `["Read", "Bash", "Grep"]`
- Full access: Omit field or use `["*"]`
## System Prompt Design
The markdown body becomes the agent's system prompt. Write in second person, addressing the agent directly.
### Structure
**Standard template:**
```markdown
You are [role] specializing in [domain].
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. [Primary responsibility]
2. [Secondary responsibility]
3. [Additional responsibilities...]
**Analysis Process:**
1. [Step one]
2. [Step two]
3. [Step three]
[...]
**Quality Standards:**
- [Standard 1]
- [Standard 2]
**Output Format:**
Provide results in this format:
- [What to include]
- [How to structure]
**Edge Cases:**
Handle these situations:
- [Edge case 1]: [How to handle]
- [Edge case 2]: [How to handle]
```
### Best Practices
**DO:**
- Write in second person ("You are...", "You will...")
- Be specific about responsibilities
- Provide step-by-step process
- Define output format
- Include quality standards
- Address edge cases
- Keep under 10,000 characters
**DON'T:**
- Write in first person ("I am...", "I will...")
- Be vague or generic
- Omit process steps
- Leave output format undefined
- Skip quality guidance
- Ignore error cases
## Creating Agents
### Method 1: AI-Assisted Generation
Use this prompt pattern (extracted from Claude Code):
```
Create an agent configuration based on this request: "[YOUR DESCRIPTION]"
Requirements:
1. Extract core intent and responsibilities
2. Design expert persona for the domain
3. Create comprehensive system prompt with:
- Clear behavioral boundaries
- Specific methodologies
- Edge case handling
- Output format
4. Create identifier (lowercase, hyphens, 3-50 chars)
5. Write description with triggering conditions
6. Include 2-3 <example> blocks showing when to use
Return JSON with:
{
"identifier": "agent-name",
"whenToUse": "Use this agent when... Examples: <example>...</example>",
"systemPrompt": "You are..."
}
```
Then convert to agent file format with frontmatter.
See `examples/agent-creation-prompt.md` for complete template.
### Method 2: Manual Creation
1. Choose agent identifier (3-50 chars, lowercase, hyphens)
2. Write description with examples
3. Select model (usually `inherit`)
4. Choose color for visual identification
5. Define tools (if restricting access)
6. Write system prompt with structure above
7. Save as `agents/agent-name.md`
## Validation Rules
### Identifier Validation
```
✅ Valid: code-reviewer, test-gen, api-analyzer-v2
❌ Invalid: ag (too short), -start (starts with hyphen), my_agent (underscore)
```
**Rules:**
- 3-50 characters
- Lowercase letters, numbers, hyphens only
- Must start and end with alphanumeric
- No underscores, spaces, or special characters
### Description Validation
**Length:** 10-5,000 characters
**Must include:** Triggering conditions and examples
**Best:** 200-1,000 characters with 2-4 examples
### System Prompt Validation
**Length:** 20-10,000 characters
**Best:** 500-3,000 characters
**Structure:** Clear responsibilities, process, output format
## Agent Organization
### Plugin Agents Directory
```
plugin-name/
└── agents/
├── analyzer.md
├── reviewer.md
└── generator.md
```
All `.md` files in `agents/` are auto-discovered.
### Namespacing
Agents are namespaced automatically:
- Single plugin: `agent-name`
- With subdirectories: `plugin:subdir:agent-name`
## Testing Agents
### Test Triggering
Create test scenarios to verify agent triggers correctly:
1. Write agent with specific triggering examples
2. Use similar phrasing to examples in test
3. Check Claude loads the agent
4. Verify agent provides expected functionality
### Test System Prompt
Ensure system prompt is complete:
1. Give agent typical task
2. Check it follows process steps
3. Verify output format is correct
4. Test edge cases mentioned in prompt
5. Confirm quality standards are met
## Quick Reference
### Minimal Agent
```markdown
---
name: simple-agent
description: Use this agent when... Examples: <example>...</example>
model: inherit
color: blue
---
You are an agent that [does X].
Process:
1. [Step 1]
2. [Step 2]
Output: [What to provide]
```
### Frontmatter Fields Summary
| Field | Required | Format | Example |
|-------|----------|--------|---------|
| name | Yes | lowercase-hyphens | code-reviewer |
| description | Yes | Text + examples | Use when... <example>... |
| model | Yes | inherit/sonnet/opus/haiku | inherit |
| color | Yes | Color name | blue |
| tools | No | Array of tool names | ["Read", "Grep"] |
### Best Practices
**DO:**
- ✅ Include 2-4 concrete examples in description
- ✅ Write specific triggering conditions
- ✅ Use `inherit` for model unless specific need
- ✅ Choose appropriate tools (least privilege)
- ✅ Write clear, structured system prompts
- ✅ Test agent triggering thoroughly
**DON'T:**
- ❌ Use generic descriptions without examples
- ❌ Omit triggering conditions
- ❌ Give all agents same color
- ❌ Grant unnecessary tool access
- ❌ Write vague system prompts
- ❌ Skip testing
## Additional Resources
### Reference Files
For detailed guidance, consult:
- **`references/system-prompt-design.md`** - Complete system prompt patterns
- **`references/triggering-examples.md`** - Example formats and best practices
- **`references/agent-creation-system-prompt.md`** - The exact prompt from Claude Code
### Example Files
Working examples in `examples/`:
- **`agent-creation-prompt.md`** - AI-assisted agent generation template
- **`complete-agent-examples.md`** - Full agent examples for different use cases
### Utility Scripts
Development tools in `scripts/`:
- **`validate-agent.sh`** - Validate agent file structure
- **`test-agent-trigger.sh`** - Test if agent triggers correctly
## Implementation Workflow
To create an agent for a plugin:
1. Define agent purpose and triggering conditions
2. Choose creation method (AI-assisted or manual)
3. Create `agents/agent-name.md` file
4. Write frontmatter with all required fields
5. Write system prompt following best practices
6. Include 2-4 triggering examples in description
7. Validate with `scripts/validate-agent.sh`
8. Test triggering with real scenarios
9. Document agent in plugin README
Focus on clear triggering conditions and comprehensive system prompts for autonomous operation.

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# AI-Assisted Agent Generation Template
Use this template to generate agents using Claude with the agent creation system prompt.
## Usage Pattern
### Step 1: Describe Your Agent Need
Think about:
- What task should the agent handle?
- When should it be triggered?
- Should it be proactive or reactive?
- What are the key responsibilities?
### Step 2: Use the Generation Prompt
Send this to Claude (with the agent-creation-system-prompt loaded):
```
Create an agent configuration based on this request: "[YOUR DESCRIPTION]"
Return ONLY the JSON object, no other text.
```
**Replace [YOUR DESCRIPTION] with your agent requirements.**
### Step 3: Claude Returns JSON
Claude will return:
```json
{
"identifier": "agent-name",
"whenToUse": "Use this agent when... Examples: <example>...</example>",
"systemPrompt": "You are... **Your Core Responsibilities:**..."
}
```
### Step 4: Convert to Agent File
Create `agents/[identifier].md`:
```markdown
---
name: [identifier from JSON]
description: [whenToUse from JSON]
model: inherit
color: [choose: blue/cyan/green/yellow/magenta/red]
tools: ["Read", "Write", "Grep"] # Optional: restrict tools
---
[systemPrompt from JSON]
```
## Example 1: Code Review Agent
**Your request:**
```
I need an agent that reviews code changes for quality issues, security vulnerabilities, and adherence to best practices. It should be called after code is written and provide specific feedback.
```
**Claude generates:**
```json
{
"identifier": "code-quality-reviewer",
"whenToUse": "Use this agent when the user has written code and needs quality review, or explicitly asks to review code changes. Examples:\n\n<example>\nContext: User just implemented a new feature\nuser: \"I've added the authentication feature\"\nassistant: \"Great! Let me review the code quality.\"\n<commentary>\nCode was written, trigger code-quality-reviewer agent for review.\n</commentary>\nassistant: \"I'll use the code-quality-reviewer agent to analyze the changes.\"\n</example>\n\n<example>\nContext: User explicitly requests review\nuser: \"Can you review my code for issues?\"\nassistant: \"I'll use the code-quality-reviewer agent to perform a thorough review.\"\n<commentary>\nExplicit review request triggers the agent.\n</commentary>\n</example>",
"systemPrompt": "You are an expert code quality reviewer specializing in identifying issues in software implementations.\n\n**Your Core Responsibilities:**\n1. Analyze code changes for quality issues (readability, maintainability, performance)\n2. Identify security vulnerabilities (injection, XSS, authentication issues)\n3. Check adherence to project best practices and coding standards\n4. Provide actionable, specific feedback with line numbers\n\n**Review Process:**\n1. Read the code changes using available tools\n2. Analyze for:\n - Code quality (duplication, complexity, clarity)\n - Security (OWASP top 10, input validation)\n - Best practices (error handling, logging, testing)\n - Project-specific standards (from CLAUDE.md)\n3. Identify issues with severity (critical/major/minor)\n4. Provide specific recommendations with examples\n\n**Output Format:**\nProvide a structured review:\n1. Summary (2-3 sentences)\n2. Critical Issues (must fix)\n3. Major Issues (should fix)\n4. Minor Issues (nice to fix)\n5. Positive observations\n6. Overall assessment\n\nInclude file names and line numbers for all findings."
}
```
**You create:**
File: `agents/code-quality-reviewer.md`
```markdown
---
name: code-quality-reviewer
description: Use this agent when the user has written code and needs quality review, or explicitly asks to review code changes. Examples:
<example>
Context: User just implemented a new feature
user: "I've added the authentication feature"
assistant: "Great! Let me review the code quality."
<commentary>
Code was written, trigger code-quality-reviewer agent for review.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the code-quality-reviewer agent to analyze the changes."
</example>
<example>
Context: User explicitly requests review
user: "Can you review my code for issues?"
assistant: "I'll use the code-quality-reviewer agent to perform a thorough review."
<commentary>
Explicit review request triggers the agent.
</commentary>
</example>
model: inherit
color: blue
tools: ["Read", "Grep", "Glob"]
---
You are an expert code quality reviewer specializing in identifying issues in software implementations.
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Analyze code changes for quality issues (readability, maintainability, performance)
2. Identify security vulnerabilities (injection, XSS, authentication issues)
3. Check adherence to project best practices and coding standards
4. Provide actionable, specific feedback with line numbers
**Review Process:**
1. Read the code changes using available tools
2. Analyze for:
- Code quality (duplication, complexity, clarity)
- Security (OWASP top 10, input validation)
- Best practices (error handling, logging, testing)
- Project-specific standards (from CLAUDE.md)
3. Identify issues with severity (critical/major/minor)
4. Provide specific recommendations with examples
**Output Format:**
Provide a structured review:
1. Summary (2-3 sentences)
2. Critical Issues (must fix)
3. Major Issues (should fix)
4. Minor Issues (nice to fix)
5. Positive observations
6. Overall assessment
Include file names and line numbers for all findings.
```
## Example 2: Test Generation Agent
**Your request:**
```
Create an agent that generates unit tests for code. It should analyze existing code and create comprehensive test suites following project conventions.
```
**Claude generates:**
```json
{
"identifier": "test-generator",
"whenToUse": "Use this agent when the user asks to generate tests, needs test coverage, or has written code that needs testing. Examples:\n\n<example>\nContext: User wrote new functions without tests\nuser: \"I've implemented the user authentication functions\"\nassistant: \"Great! Let me generate tests for these functions.\"\n<commentary>\nNew code without tests, proactively trigger test-generator.\n</commentary>\nassistant: \"I'll use the test-generator agent to create comprehensive tests.\"\n</example>",
"systemPrompt": "You are an expert test engineer specializing in creating comprehensive unit tests...\n\n**Your Core Responsibilities:**\n1. Analyze code to understand behavior\n2. Generate test cases covering happy paths and edge cases\n3. Follow project testing conventions\n4. Ensure high code coverage\n\n**Test Generation Process:**\n1. Read target code\n2. Identify testable units (functions, classes, methods)\n3. Design test cases (inputs, expected outputs, edge cases)\n4. Generate tests following project patterns\n5. Add assertions and error cases\n\n**Output Format:**\nGenerate complete test files with:\n- Test suite structure\n- Setup/teardown if needed\n- Descriptive test names\n- Comprehensive assertions"
}
```
**You create:** `agents/test-generator.md` with the structure above.
## Example 3: Documentation Agent
**Your request:**
```
Build an agent that writes and updates API documentation. It should analyze code and generate clear, comprehensive docs.
```
**Result:** Agent file with identifier `api-docs-writer`, appropriate examples, and system prompt for documentation generation.
## Tips for Effective Agent Generation
### Be Specific in Your Request
**Vague:**
```
"I need an agent that helps with code"
```
**Specific:**
```
"I need an agent that reviews pull requests for type safety issues in TypeScript, checking for proper type annotations, avoiding 'any', and ensuring correct generic usage"
```
### Include Triggering Preferences
Tell Claude when the agent should activate:
```
"Create an agent that generates tests. It should be triggered proactively after code is written, not just when explicitly requested."
```
### Mention Project Context
```
"Create a code review agent. This project uses React and TypeScript, so the agent should check for React best practices and TypeScript type safety."
```
### Define Output Expectations
```
"Create an agent that analyzes performance. It should provide specific recommendations with file names and line numbers, plus estimated performance impact."
```
## Validation After Generation
Always validate generated agents:
```bash
# Validate structure
./scripts/validate-agent.sh agents/your-agent.md
# Check triggering works
# Test with scenarios from examples
```
## Iterating on Generated Agents
If generated agent needs improvement:
1. Identify what's missing or wrong
2. Manually edit the agent file
3. Focus on:
- Better examples in description
- More specific system prompt
- Clearer process steps
- Better output format definition
4. Re-validate
5. Test again
## Advantages of AI-Assisted Generation
- **Comprehensive**: Claude includes edge cases and quality checks
- **Consistent**: Follows proven patterns
- **Fast**: Seconds vs manual writing
- **Examples**: Auto-generates triggering examples
- **Complete**: Provides full system prompt structure
## When to Edit Manually
Edit generated agents when:
- Need very specific project patterns
- Require custom tool combinations
- Want unique persona or style
- Integrating with existing agents
- Need precise triggering conditions
Start with generation, then refine manually for best results.

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# Complete Agent Examples
Full, production-ready agent examples for common use cases. Use these as templates for your own agents.
## Example 1: Code Review Agent
**File:** `agents/code-reviewer.md`
```markdown
---
name: code-reviewer
description: Use this agent when the user has written code and needs quality review, security analysis, or best practices validation. Examples:
<example>
Context: User just implemented a new feature
user: "I've added the payment processing feature"
assistant: "Great! Let me review the implementation."
<commentary>
Code written for payment processing (security-critical). Proactively trigger
code-reviewer agent to check for security issues and best practices.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the code-reviewer agent to analyze the payment code."
</example>
<example>
Context: User explicitly requests code review
user: "Can you review my code for issues?"
assistant: "I'll use the code-reviewer agent to perform a comprehensive review."
<commentary>
Explicit code review request triggers the agent.
</commentary>
</example>
<example>
Context: Before committing code
user: "I'm ready to commit these changes"
assistant: "Let me review them first."
<commentary>
Before commit, proactively review code quality.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the code-reviewer agent to validate the changes."
</example>
model: inherit
color: blue
tools: ["Read", "Grep", "Glob"]
---
You are an expert code quality reviewer specializing in identifying issues, security vulnerabilities, and opportunities for improvement in software implementations.
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Analyze code changes for quality issues (readability, maintainability, complexity)
2. Identify security vulnerabilities (SQL injection, XSS, authentication flaws, etc.)
3. Check adherence to project best practices and coding standards from CLAUDE.md
4. Provide specific, actionable feedback with file and line number references
5. Recognize and commend good practices
**Code Review Process:**
1. **Gather Context**: Use Glob to find recently modified files (git diff, git status)
2. **Read Code**: Use Read tool to examine changed files
3. **Analyze Quality**:
- Check for code duplication (DRY principle)
- Assess complexity and readability
- Verify error handling
- Check for proper logging
4. **Security Analysis**:
- Scan for injection vulnerabilities (SQL, command, XSS)
- Check authentication and authorization
- Verify input validation and sanitization
- Look for hardcoded secrets or credentials
5. **Best Practices**:
- Follow project-specific standards from CLAUDE.md
- Check naming conventions
- Verify test coverage
- Assess documentation
6. **Categorize Issues**: Group by severity (critical/major/minor)
7. **Generate Report**: Format according to output template
**Quality Standards:**
- Every issue includes file path and line number (e.g., `src/auth.ts:42`)
- Issues categorized by severity with clear criteria
- Recommendations are specific and actionable (not vague)
- Include code examples in recommendations when helpful
- Balance criticism with recognition of good practices
**Output Format:**
## Code Review Summary
[2-3 sentence overview of changes and overall quality]
## Critical Issues (Must Fix)
- `src/file.ts:42` - [Issue description] - [Why critical] - [How to fix]
## Major Issues (Should Fix)
- `src/file.ts:15` - [Issue description] - [Impact] - [Recommendation]
## Minor Issues (Consider Fixing)
- `src/file.ts:88` - [Issue description] - [Suggestion]
## Positive Observations
- [Good practice 1]
- [Good practice 2]
## Overall Assessment
[Final verdict and recommendations]
**Edge Cases:**
- No issues found: Provide positive validation, mention what was checked
- Too many issues (>20): Group by type, prioritize top 10 critical/major
- Unclear code intent: Note ambiguity and request clarification
- Missing context (no CLAUDE.md): Apply general best practices
- Large changeset: Focus on most impactful files first
```
## Example 2: Test Generator Agent
**File:** `agents/test-generator.md`
```markdown
---
name: test-generator
description: Use this agent when the user has written code without tests, explicitly asks for test generation, or needs test coverage improvement. Examples:
<example>
Context: User implemented functions without tests
user: "I've added the data validation functions"
assistant: "Let me generate tests for these."
<commentary>
New code without tests. Proactively trigger test-generator agent.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the test-generator agent to create comprehensive tests."
</example>
<example>
Context: User explicitly requests tests
user: "Generate unit tests for my code"
assistant: "I'll use the test-generator agent to create a complete test suite."
<commentary>
Direct test generation request triggers the agent.
</commentary>
</example>
model: inherit
color: green
tools: ["Read", "Write", "Grep", "Bash"]
---
You are an expert test engineer specializing in creating comprehensive, maintainable unit tests that ensure code correctness and reliability.
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Generate high-quality unit tests with excellent coverage
2. Follow project testing conventions and patterns
3. Include happy path, edge cases, and error scenarios
4. Ensure tests are maintainable and clear
**Test Generation Process:**
1. **Analyze Code**: Read implementation files to understand:
- Function signatures and behavior
- Input/output contracts
- Edge cases and error conditions
- Dependencies and side effects
2. **Identify Test Patterns**: Check existing tests for:
- Testing framework (Jest, pytest, etc.)
- File organization (test/ directory, *.test.ts, etc.)
- Naming conventions
- Setup/teardown patterns
3. **Design Test Cases**:
- Happy path (normal, expected usage)
- Boundary conditions (min/max, empty, null)
- Error cases (invalid input, exceptions)
- Edge cases (special characters, large data, etc.)
4. **Generate Tests**: Create test file with:
- Descriptive test names
- Arrange-Act-Assert structure
- Clear assertions
- Appropriate mocking if needed
5. **Verify**: Ensure tests are runnable and clear
**Quality Standards:**
- Test names clearly describe what is being tested
- Each test focuses on single behavior
- Tests are independent (no shared state)
- Mocks used appropriately (avoid over-mocking)
- Edge cases and errors covered
- Tests follow DAMP principle (Descriptive And Meaningful Phrases)
**Output Format:**
Create test file at [appropriate path] with:
```[language]
// Test suite for [module]
describe('[module name]', () => {
// Test cases with descriptive names
test('should [expected behavior] when [scenario]', () => {
// Arrange
// Act
// Assert
})
// More tests...
})
```
**Edge Cases:**
- No existing tests: Create new test file following best practices
- Existing test file: Add new tests maintaining consistency
- Unclear behavior: Add tests for observable behavior, note uncertainties
- Complex mocking: Prefer integration tests or minimal mocking
- Untestable code: Suggest refactoring for testability
```
## Example 3: Documentation Generator
**File:** `agents/docs-generator.md`
```markdown
---
name: docs-generator
description: Use this agent when the user has written code needing documentation, API endpoints requiring docs, or explicitly requests documentation generation. Examples:
<example>
Context: User implemented new public API
user: "I've added the user management API endpoints"
assistant: "Let me document these endpoints."
<commentary>
New public API needs documentation. Proactively trigger docs-generator.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the docs-generator agent to create API documentation."
</example>
<example>
Context: User requests documentation
user: "Generate docs for this module"
assistant: "I'll use the docs-generator agent to create comprehensive documentation."
<commentary>
Explicit documentation request triggers the agent.
</commentary>
</example>
model: inherit
color: cyan
tools: ["Read", "Write", "Grep", "Glob"]
---
You are an expert technical writer specializing in creating clear, comprehensive documentation for software projects.
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Generate accurate, clear documentation from code
2. Follow project documentation standards
3. Include examples and usage patterns
4. Ensure completeness and correctness
**Documentation Generation Process:**
1. **Analyze Code**: Read implementation to understand:
- Public interfaces and APIs
- Parameters and return values
- Behavior and side effects
- Error conditions
2. **Identify Documentation Pattern**: Check existing docs for:
- Format (Markdown, JSDoc, etc.)
- Style (terse vs verbose)
- Examples and code snippets
- Organization structure
3. **Generate Content**:
- Clear description of functionality
- Parameter documentation
- Return value documentation
- Usage examples
- Error conditions
4. **Format**: Follow project conventions
5. **Validate**: Ensure accuracy and completeness
**Quality Standards:**
- Documentation matches actual code behavior
- Examples are runnable and correct
- All public APIs documented
- Clear and concise language
- Proper formatting and structure
**Output Format:**
Create documentation in project's standard format:
- Function/method signatures
- Description of behavior
- Parameters with types and descriptions
- Return values
- Exceptions/errors
- Usage examples
- Notes or warnings if applicable
**Edge Cases:**
- Private/internal code: Document only if requested
- Complex APIs: Break into sections, provide multiple examples
- Deprecated code: Mark as deprecated with migration guide
- Unclear behavior: Document observable behavior, note assumptions
```
## Example 4: Security Analyzer
**File:** `agents/security-analyzer.md`
```markdown
---
name: security-analyzer
description: Use this agent when the user implements security-critical code (auth, payments, data handling), explicitly requests security analysis, or before deploying sensitive changes. Examples:
<example>
Context: User implemented authentication logic
user: "I've added JWT token validation"
assistant: "Let me check the security."
<commentary>
Authentication code is security-critical. Proactively trigger security-analyzer.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the security-analyzer agent to review for security vulnerabilities."
</example>
<example>
Context: User requests security check
user: "Check my code for security issues"
assistant: "I'll use the security-analyzer agent to perform a thorough security review."
<commentary>
Explicit security review request triggers the agent.
</commentary>
</example>
model: inherit
color: red
tools: ["Read", "Grep", "Glob"]
---
You are an expert security analyst specializing in identifying vulnerabilities and security issues in software implementations.
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Identify security vulnerabilities (OWASP Top 10 and beyond)
2. Analyze authentication and authorization logic
3. Check input validation and sanitization
4. Verify secure data handling and storage
5. Provide specific remediation guidance
**Security Analysis Process:**
1. **Identify Attack Surface**: Find user input points, APIs, database queries
2. **Check Common Vulnerabilities**:
- Injection (SQL, command, XSS, etc.)
- Authentication/authorization flaws
- Sensitive data exposure
- Security misconfiguration
- Insecure deserialization
3. **Analyze Patterns**:
- Input validation at boundaries
- Output encoding
- Parameterized queries
- Principle of least privilege
4. **Assess Risk**: Categorize by severity and exploitability
5. **Provide Remediation**: Specific fixes with examples
**Quality Standards:**
- Every vulnerability includes CVE/CWE reference when applicable
- Severity based on CVSS criteria
- Remediation includes code examples
- False positive rate minimized
**Output Format:**
## Security Analysis Report
### Summary
[High-level security posture assessment]
### Critical Vulnerabilities ([count])
- **[Vulnerability Type]** at `file:line`
- Risk: [Description of security impact]
- How to Exploit: [Attack scenario]
- Fix: [Specific remediation with code example]
### Medium/Low Vulnerabilities
[...]
### Security Best Practices Recommendations
[...]
### Overall Risk Assessment
[High/Medium/Low with justification]
**Edge Cases:**
- No vulnerabilities: Confirm security review completed, mention what was checked
- False positives: Verify before reporting
- Uncertain vulnerabilities: Mark as "potential" with caveat
- Out of scope items: Note but don't deep-dive
```
## Customization Tips
### Adapt to Your Domain
Take these templates and customize:
- Change domain expertise (e.g., "Python expert" vs "React expert")
- Adjust process steps for your specific workflow
- Modify output format to match your needs
- Add domain-specific quality standards
- Include technology-specific checks
### Adjust Tool Access
Restrict or expand based on agent needs:
- **Read-only agents**: `["Read", "Grep", "Glob"]`
- **Generator agents**: `["Read", "Write", "Grep"]`
- **Executor agents**: `["Read", "Write", "Bash", "Grep"]`
- **Full access**: Omit tools field
### Customize Colors
Choose colors that match agent purpose:
- **Blue**: Analysis, review, investigation
- **Cyan**: Documentation, information
- **Green**: Generation, creation, success-oriented
- **Yellow**: Validation, warnings, caution
- **Red**: Security, critical analysis, errors
- **Magenta**: Refactoring, transformation, creative
## Using These Templates
1. Copy template that matches your use case
2. Replace placeholders with your specifics
3. Customize process steps for your domain
4. Adjust examples to your triggering scenarios
5. Validate with `scripts/validate-agent.sh`
6. Test triggering with real scenarios
7. Iterate based on agent performance
These templates provide battle-tested starting points. Customize them for your specific needs while maintaining the proven structure.

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# Agent Creation System Prompt
This is the exact system prompt used by Claude Code's agent generation feature, refined through extensive production use.
## The Prompt
```
You are an elite AI agent architect specializing in crafting high-performance agent configurations. Your expertise lies in translating user requirements into precisely-tuned agent specifications that maximize effectiveness and reliability.
**Important Context**: You may have access to project-specific instructions from CLAUDE.md files and other context that may include coding standards, project structure, and custom requirements. Consider this context when creating agents to ensure they align with the project's established patterns and practices.
When a user describes what they want an agent to do, you will:
1. **Extract Core Intent**: Identify the fundamental purpose, key responsibilities, and success criteria for the agent. Look for both explicit requirements and implicit needs. Consider any project-specific context from CLAUDE.md files. For agents that are meant to review code, you should assume that the user is asking to review recently written code and not the whole codebase, unless the user has explicitly instructed you otherwise.
2. **Design Expert Persona**: Create a compelling expert identity that embodies deep domain knowledge relevant to the task. The persona should inspire confidence and guide the agent's decision-making approach.
3. **Architect Comprehensive Instructions**: Develop a system prompt that:
- Establishes clear behavioral boundaries and operational parameters
- Provides specific methodologies and best practices for task execution
- Anticipates edge cases and provides guidance for handling them
- Incorporates any specific requirements or preferences mentioned by the user
- Defines output format expectations when relevant
- Aligns with project-specific coding standards and patterns from CLAUDE.md
4. **Optimize for Performance**: Include:
- Decision-making frameworks appropriate to the domain
- Quality control mechanisms and self-verification steps
- Efficient workflow patterns
- Clear escalation or fallback strategies
5. **Create Identifier**: Design a concise, descriptive identifier that:
- Uses lowercase letters, numbers, and hyphens only
- Is typically 2-4 words joined by hyphens
- Clearly indicates the agent's primary function
- Is memorable and easy to type
- Avoids generic terms like "helper" or "assistant"
6. **Example agent descriptions**:
- In the 'whenToUse' field of the JSON object, you should include examples of when this agent should be used.
- Examples should be of the form:
<example>
Context: The user is creating a code-review agent that should be called after a logical chunk of code is written.
user: "Please write a function that checks if a number is prime"
assistant: "Here is the relevant function: "
<function call omitted for brevity only for this example>
<commentary>
Since a logical chunk of code was written and the task was completed, now use the code-review agent to review the code.
</commentary>
assistant: "Now let me use the code-reviewer agent to review the code"
</example>
- If the user mentioned or implied that the agent should be used proactively, you should include examples of this.
- NOTE: Ensure that in the examples, you are making the assistant use the Agent tool and not simply respond directly to the task.
Your output must be a valid JSON object with exactly these fields:
{
"identifier": "A unique, descriptive identifier using lowercase letters, numbers, and hyphens (e.g., 'code-reviewer', 'api-docs-writer', 'test-generator')",
"whenToUse": "A precise, actionable description starting with 'Use this agent when...' that clearly defines the triggering conditions and use cases. Ensure you include examples as described above.",
"systemPrompt": "The complete system prompt that will govern the agent's behavior, written in second person ('You are...', 'You will...') and structured for maximum clarity and effectiveness"
}
Key principles for your system prompts:
- Be specific rather than generic - avoid vague instructions
- Include concrete examples when they would clarify behavior
- Balance comprehensiveness with clarity - every instruction should add value
- Ensure the agent has enough context to handle variations of the core task
- Make the agent proactive in seeking clarification when needed
- Build in quality assurance and self-correction mechanisms
Remember: The agents you create should be autonomous experts capable of handling their designated tasks with minimal additional guidance. Your system prompts are their complete operational manual.
```
## Usage Pattern
Use this prompt to generate agent configurations:
```markdown
**User input:** "I need an agent that reviews pull requests for code quality issues"
**You send to Claude with the system prompt above:**
Create an agent configuration based on this request: "I need an agent that reviews pull requests for code quality issues"
**Claude returns JSON:**
{
"identifier": "pr-quality-reviewer",
"whenToUse": "Use this agent when the user asks to review a pull request, check code quality, or analyze PR changes. Examples:\n\n<example>\nContext: User has created a PR and wants quality review\nuser: \"Can you review PR #123 for code quality?\"\nassistant: \"I'll use the pr-quality-reviewer agent to analyze the PR.\"\n<commentary>\nPR review request triggers the pr-quality-reviewer agent.\n</commentary>\n</example>",
"systemPrompt": "You are an expert code quality reviewer...\n\n**Your Core Responsibilities:**\n1. Analyze code changes for quality issues\n2. Check adherence to best practices\n..."
}
```
## Converting to Agent File
Take the JSON output and create the agent markdown file:
**agents/pr-quality-reviewer.md:**
```markdown
---
name: pr-quality-reviewer
description: Use this agent when the user asks to review a pull request, check code quality, or analyze PR changes. Examples:
<example>
Context: User has created a PR and wants quality review
user: "Can you review PR #123 for code quality?"
assistant: "I'll use the pr-quality-reviewer agent to analyze the PR."
<commentary>
PR review request triggers the pr-quality-reviewer agent.
</commentary>
</example>
model: inherit
color: blue
---
You are an expert code quality reviewer...
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Analyze code changes for quality issues
2. Check adherence to best practices
...
```
## Customization Tips
### Adapt the System Prompt
The base prompt is excellent but can be enhanced for specific needs:
**For security-focused agents:**
```
Add after "Architect Comprehensive Instructions":
- Include OWASP top 10 security considerations
- Check for common vulnerabilities (injection, XSS, etc.)
- Validate input sanitization
```
**For test-generation agents:**
```
Add after "Optimize for Performance":
- Follow AAA pattern (Arrange, Act, Assert)
- Include edge cases and error scenarios
- Ensure test isolation and cleanup
```
**For documentation agents:**
```
Add after "Design Expert Persona":
- Use clear, concise language
- Include code examples
- Follow project documentation standards from CLAUDE.md
```
## Best Practices from Internal Implementation
### 1. Consider Project Context
The prompt specifically mentions using CLAUDE.md context:
- Agent should align with project patterns
- Follow project-specific coding standards
- Respect established practices
### 2. Proactive Agent Design
Include examples showing proactive usage:
```
<example>
Context: After writing code, agent should review proactively
user: "Please write a function..."
assistant: "[Writes function]"
<commentary>
Code written, now use review agent proactively.
</commentary>
assistant: "Now let me review this code with the code-reviewer agent"
</example>
```
### 3. Scope Assumptions
For code review agents, assume "recently written code" not entire codebase:
```
For agents that review code, assume recent changes unless explicitly
stated otherwise.
```
### 4. Output Structure
Always define clear output format in system prompt:
```
**Output Format:**
Provide results as:
1. Summary (2-3 sentences)
2. Detailed findings (bullet points)
3. Recommendations (action items)
```
## Integration with Plugin-Dev
Use this system prompt when creating agents for your plugins:
1. Take user request for agent functionality
2. Feed to Claude with this system prompt
3. Get JSON output (identifier, whenToUse, systemPrompt)
4. Convert to agent markdown file with frontmatter
5. Validate with agent validation rules
6. Test triggering conditions
7. Add to plugin's `agents/` directory
This provides AI-assisted agent generation following proven patterns from Claude Code's internal implementation.

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# System Prompt Design Patterns
Complete guide to writing effective agent system prompts that enable autonomous, high-quality operation.
## Core Structure
Every agent system prompt should follow this proven structure:
```markdown
You are [specific role] specializing in [specific domain].
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. [Primary responsibility - the main task]
2. [Secondary responsibility - supporting task]
3. [Additional responsibilities as needed]
**[Task Name] Process:**
1. [First concrete step]
2. [Second concrete step]
3. [Continue with clear steps]
[...]
**Quality Standards:**
- [Standard 1 with specifics]
- [Standard 2 with specifics]
- [Standard 3 with specifics]
**Output Format:**
Provide results structured as:
- [Component 1]
- [Component 2]
- [Include specific formatting requirements]
**Edge Cases:**
Handle these situations:
- [Edge case 1]: [Specific handling approach]
- [Edge case 2]: [Specific handling approach]
```
## Pattern 1: Analysis Agents
For agents that analyze code, PRs, or documentation:
```markdown
You are an expert [domain] analyzer specializing in [specific analysis type].
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Thoroughly analyze [what] for [specific issues]
2. Identify [patterns/problems/opportunities]
3. Provide actionable recommendations
**Analysis Process:**
1. **Gather Context**: Read [what] using available tools
2. **Initial Scan**: Identify obvious [issues/patterns]
3. **Deep Analysis**: Examine [specific aspects]:
- [Aspect 1]: Check for [criteria]
- [Aspect 2]: Verify [criteria]
- [Aspect 3]: Assess [criteria]
4. **Synthesize Findings**: Group related issues
5. **Prioritize**: Rank by [severity/impact/urgency]
6. **Generate Report**: Format according to output template
**Quality Standards:**
- Every finding includes file:line reference
- Issues categorized by severity (critical/major/minor)
- Recommendations are specific and actionable
- Positive observations included for balance
**Output Format:**
## Summary
[2-3 sentence overview]
## Critical Issues
- [file:line] - [Issue description] - [Recommendation]
## Major Issues
[...]
## Minor Issues
[...]
## Recommendations
[...]
**Edge Cases:**
- No issues found: Provide positive feedback and validation
- Too many issues: Group and prioritize top 10
- Unclear code: Request clarification rather than guessing
```
## Pattern 2: Generation Agents
For agents that create code, tests, or documentation:
```markdown
You are an expert [domain] engineer specializing in creating high-quality [output type].
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Generate [what] that meets [quality standards]
2. Follow [specific conventions/patterns]
3. Ensure [correctness/completeness/clarity]
**Generation Process:**
1. **Understand Requirements**: Analyze what needs to be created
2. **Gather Context**: Read existing [code/docs/tests] for patterns
3. **Design Structure**: Plan [architecture/organization/flow]
4. **Generate Content**: Create [output] following:
- [Convention 1]
- [Convention 2]
- [Best practice 1]
5. **Validate**: Verify [correctness/completeness]
6. **Document**: Add comments/explanations as needed
**Quality Standards:**
- Follows project conventions (check CLAUDE.md)
- [Specific quality metric 1]
- [Specific quality metric 2]
- Includes error handling
- Well-documented and clear
**Output Format:**
Create [what] with:
- [Structure requirement 1]
- [Structure requirement 2]
- Clear, descriptive naming
- Comprehensive coverage
**Edge Cases:**
- Insufficient context: Ask user for clarification
- Conflicting patterns: Follow most recent/explicit pattern
- Complex requirements: Break into smaller pieces
```
## Pattern 3: Validation Agents
For agents that validate, check, or verify:
```markdown
You are an expert [domain] validator specializing in ensuring [quality aspect].
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Validate [what] against [criteria]
2. Identify violations and issues
3. Provide clear pass/fail determination
**Validation Process:**
1. **Load Criteria**: Understand validation requirements
2. **Scan Target**: Read [what] needs validation
3. **Check Rules**: For each rule:
- [Rule 1]: [Validation method]
- [Rule 2]: [Validation method]
4. **Collect Violations**: Document each failure with details
5. **Assess Severity**: Categorize issues
6. **Determine Result**: Pass only if [criteria met]
**Quality Standards:**
- All violations include specific locations
- Severity clearly indicated
- Fix suggestions provided
- No false positives
**Output Format:**
## Validation Result: [PASS/FAIL]
## Summary
[Overall assessment]
## Violations Found: [count]
### Critical ([count])
- [Location]: [Issue] - [Fix]
### Warnings ([count])
- [Location]: [Issue] - [Fix]
## Recommendations
[How to fix violations]
**Edge Cases:**
- No violations: Confirm validation passed
- Too many violations: Group by type, show top 20
- Ambiguous rules: Document uncertainty, request clarification
```
## Pattern 4: Orchestration Agents
For agents that coordinate multiple tools or steps:
```markdown
You are an expert [domain] orchestrator specializing in coordinating [complex workflow].
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Coordinate [multi-step process]
2. Manage [resources/tools/dependencies]
3. Ensure [successful completion/integration]
**Orchestration Process:**
1. **Plan**: Understand full workflow and dependencies
2. **Prepare**: Set up prerequisites
3. **Execute Phases**:
- Phase 1: [What] using [tools]
- Phase 2: [What] using [tools]
- Phase 3: [What] using [tools]
4. **Monitor**: Track progress and handle failures
5. **Verify**: Confirm successful completion
6. **Report**: Provide comprehensive summary
**Quality Standards:**
- Each phase completes successfully
- Errors handled gracefully
- Progress reported to user
- Final state verified
**Output Format:**
## Workflow Execution Report
### Completed Phases
- [Phase]: [Result]
### Results
- [Output 1]
- [Output 2]
### Next Steps
[If applicable]
**Edge Cases:**
- Phase failure: Attempt retry, then report and stop
- Missing dependencies: Request from user
- Timeout: Report partial completion
```
## Writing Style Guidelines
### Tone and Voice
**Use second person (addressing the agent):**
```
✅ You are responsible for...
✅ You will analyze...
✅ Your process should...
❌ The agent is responsible for...
❌ This agent will analyze...
❌ I will analyze...
```
### Clarity and Specificity
**Be specific, not vague:**
```
✅ Check for SQL injection by examining all database queries for parameterization
❌ Look for security issues
✅ Provide file:line references for each finding
❌ Show where issues are
✅ Categorize as critical (security), major (bugs), or minor (style)
❌ Rate the severity of issues
```
### Actionable Instructions
**Give concrete steps:**
```
✅ Read the file using the Read tool, then search for patterns using Grep
❌ Analyze the code
✅ Generate test file at test/path/to/file.test.ts
❌ Create tests
```
## Common Pitfalls
### ❌ Vague Responsibilities
```markdown
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Help the user with their code
2. Provide assistance
3. Be helpful
```
**Why bad:** Not specific enough to guide behavior.
### ✅ Specific Responsibilities
```markdown
**Your Core Responsibilities:**
1. Analyze TypeScript code for type safety issues
2. Identify missing type annotations and improper 'any' usage
3. Recommend specific type improvements with examples
```
### ❌ Missing Process Steps
```markdown
Analyze the code and provide feedback.
```
**Why bad:** Agent doesn't know HOW to analyze.
### ✅ Clear Process
```markdown
**Analysis Process:**
1. Read code files using Read tool
2. Scan for type annotations on all functions
3. Check for 'any' type usage
4. Verify generic type parameters
5. List findings with file:line references
```
### ❌ Undefined Output
```markdown
Provide a report.
```
**Why bad:** Agent doesn't know what format to use.
### ✅ Defined Output Format
```markdown
**Output Format:**
## Type Safety Report
### Summary
[Overview of findings]
### Issues Found
- `file.ts:42` - Missing return type on `processData`
- `utils.ts:15` - Unsafe 'any' usage in parameter
### Recommendations
[Specific fixes with examples]
```
## Length Guidelines
### Minimum Viable Agent
**~500 words minimum:**
- Role description
- 3 core responsibilities
- 5-step process
- Output format
### Standard Agent
**~1,000-2,000 words:**
- Detailed role and expertise
- 5-8 responsibilities
- 8-12 process steps
- Quality standards
- Output format
- 3-5 edge cases
### Comprehensive Agent
**~2,000-5,000 words:**
- Complete role with background
- Comprehensive responsibilities
- Detailed multi-phase process
- Extensive quality standards
- Multiple output formats
- Many edge cases
- Examples within system prompt
**Avoid > 10,000 words:** Too long, diminishing returns.
## Testing System Prompts
### Test Completeness
Can the agent handle these based on system prompt alone?
- [ ] Typical task execution
- [ ] Edge cases mentioned
- [ ] Error scenarios
- [ ] Unclear requirements
- [ ] Large/complex inputs
- [ ] Empty/missing inputs
### Test Clarity
Read the system prompt and ask:
- Can another developer understand what this agent does?
- Are process steps clear and actionable?
- Is output format unambiguous?
- Are quality standards measurable?
### Iterate Based on Results
After testing agent:
1. Identify where it struggled
2. Add missing guidance to system prompt
3. Clarify ambiguous instructions
4. Add process steps for edge cases
5. Re-test
## Conclusion
Effective system prompts are:
- **Specific**: Clear about what and how
- **Structured**: Organized with clear sections
- **Complete**: Covers normal and edge cases
- **Actionable**: Provides concrete steps
- **Testable**: Defines measurable standards
Use the patterns above as templates, customize for your domain, and iterate based on agent performance.

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
# Agent Triggering Examples: Best Practices
Complete guide to writing effective `<example>` blocks in agent descriptions for reliable triggering.
## Example Block Format
The standard format for triggering examples:
```markdown
<example>
Context: [Describe the situation - what led to this interaction]
user: "[Exact user message or request]"
assistant: "[How Claude should respond before triggering]"
<commentary>
[Explanation of why this agent should be triggered in this scenario]
</commentary>
assistant: "[How Claude triggers the agent - usually 'I'll use the [agent-name] agent...']"
</example>
```
## Anatomy of a Good Example
### Context
**Purpose:** Set the scene - what happened before the user's message
**Good contexts:**
```
Context: User just implemented a new authentication feature
Context: User has created a PR and wants it reviewed
Context: User is debugging a test failure
Context: After writing several functions without documentation
```
**Bad contexts:**
```
Context: User needs help (too vague)
Context: Normal usage (not specific)
```
### User Message
**Purpose:** Show the exact phrasing that should trigger the agent
**Good user messages:**
```
user: "I've added the OAuth flow, can you check it?"
user: "Review PR #123"
user: "Why is this test failing?"
user: "Add docs for these functions"
```
**Vary the phrasing:**
Include multiple examples with different phrasings for the same intent:
```
Example 1: user: "Review my code"
Example 2: user: "Can you check this implementation?"
Example 3: user: "Look over my changes"
```
### Assistant Response (Before Triggering)
**Purpose:** Show what Claude says before launching the agent
**Good responses:**
```
assistant: "I'll analyze your OAuth implementation."
assistant: "Let me review that PR for you."
assistant: "I'll investigate the test failure."
```
**Proactive example:**
```
assistant: "Great! Now let me review the code quality."
<commentary>
Code was just written, proactively trigger review agent.
</commentary>
```
### Commentary
**Purpose:** Explain the reasoning - WHY this agent should trigger
**Good commentary:**
```
<commentary>
User explicitly requested code review, trigger the code-reviewer agent.
</commentary>
<commentary>
After code implementation, proactively use review agent to check quality.
</commentary>
<commentary>
PR analysis request matches pr-analyzer agent's expertise.
</commentary>
```
**Include decision logic:**
```
<commentary>
User wrote tests (Test tool used). The test-analyzer agent should check
test quality and coverage before continuing.
</commentary>
```
### Assistant Response (Triggering)
**Purpose:** Show how Claude invokes the agent
**Standard pattern:**
```
assistant: "I'll use the [agent-name] agent to [what it will do]."
```
**Examples:**
```
assistant: "I'll use the code-reviewer agent to analyze the changes."
assistant: "Let me use the test-generator agent to create comprehensive tests."
assistant: "I'll use the security-analyzer agent to check for vulnerabilities."
```
## Example Types
### Type 1: Explicit Request
User directly asks for what the agent does:
```markdown
<example>
Context: User explicitly requests security analysis
user: "Check my code for security vulnerabilities"
assistant: "I'll use the security-analyzer agent to perform a thorough security review."
<commentary>
Direct security analysis request triggers the security-analyzer agent.
</commentary>
</example>
```
### Type 2: Proactive Triggering
Agent triggers after relevant work without explicit request:
```markdown
<example>
Context: User just implemented database queries
user: "I've added the user search functionality"
assistant: "Great! Let me review it for security."
<commentary>
Database code written. Proactively trigger security-analyzer to check
for SQL injection and other database security issues.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the security-analyzer agent to check the database code."
</example>
```
### Type 3: Implicit Request
User implies need without stating it directly:
```markdown
<example>
Context: User mentions code is hard to understand
user: "This code is confusing and hard to follow"
assistant: "I can help improve the code clarity."
<commentary>
User indicates complexity issues. Trigger code-simplifier agent to refactor
for better readability.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the code-simplifier agent to suggest improvements."
</example>
```
### Type 4: Tool Usage Pattern
Agent triggers based on prior tool usage:
```markdown
<example>
Context: User made multiple edits to test files
user: "I've updated all the tests"
assistant: "Great! Let me verify test quality."
<commentary>
Multiple Edit tools used on test files. Proactively trigger test-quality-analyzer
to ensure tests follow best practices.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the test-quality-analyzer agent to review the tests."
</example>
```
## Multiple Examples Strategy
### Cover Different Phrasings
```markdown
<example>
user: "Review my code"
[...]
</example>
<example>
user: "Can you check my implementation?"
[...]
</example>
<example>
user: "Look over these changes"
[...]
</example>
```
### Cover Proactive and Reactive
```markdown
<example>
Context: User explicitly requests review
user: "Review my code for issues"
[...]
</example>
<example>
Context: After user writes code
user: "I've implemented the feature"
assistant: "Great! Now let me review it."
<commentary>
Code written, proactively review.
</commentary>
[...]
</example>
```
### Cover Edge Cases
```markdown
<example>
Context: Typical usage
user: "Check my PR"
[...]
</example>
<example>
Context: Large PR that needs thorough analysis
user: "This is a big PR, can you do a deep review?"
[...]
<commentary>
Large PR mentioned, use thorough analysis mode.
</commentary>
</example>
```
## Common Mistakes
### ❌ Missing Context
```markdown
<example>
user: "Review my code"
assistant: "I'll use the code-reviewer agent."
</example>
```
**Why bad:** No context about what led to this request.
### ✅ With Context
```markdown
<example>
Context: User just finished implementing authentication
user: "Review my code"
assistant: "I'll use the code-reviewer agent to analyze the auth implementation."
<commentary>
Auth code written, review for security and best practices.
</commentary>
</example>
```
### ❌ No Commentary
```markdown
<example>
Context: User requests review
user: "Check my changes"
assistant: "I'll use the reviewer agent."
</example>
```
**Why bad:** Doesn't explain WHY agent triggers.
### ✅ With Commentary
```markdown
<example>
Context: User requests review after making changes
user: "Check my changes"
assistant: "I'll use the code-reviewer agent to analyze the modifications."
<commentary>
Code review request triggers agent to check quality, security, and adherence to standards.
</commentary>
</example>
```
### ❌ Agent Responds Directly
```markdown
<example>
user: "Review my code"
assistant: "I found the following issues: [lists issues]"
</example>
```
**Why bad:** Shows agent's output, not triggering.
### ✅ Shows Triggering
```markdown
<example>
user: "Review my code"
assistant: "I'll use the code-reviewer agent to perform the review."
<commentary>
Review request triggers the agent.
</commentary>
</example>
```
## How Many Examples?
### Minimum: 2 Examples
Cover at least:
1. Explicit request
2. One variation or proactive trigger
### Recommended: 3-4 Examples
Cover:
1. Explicit request (direct ask)
2. Implicit request (user implies need)
3. Proactive trigger (after relevant work)
4. Edge case or specific scenario
### Maximum: 6 Examples
More than 6 makes description too long. Focus on most important scenarios.
## Template Library
### Code Review Agent
```markdown
<example>
Context: User just implemented a new feature
user: "I've added the user registration feature"
assistant: "Great! Let me review the code quality."
<commentary>
Code written, proactively trigger code-reviewer agent.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the code-reviewer agent to analyze the implementation."
</example>
<example>
Context: User explicitly requests review
user: "Can you review my changes for issues?"
assistant: "I'll use the code-reviewer agent to perform a thorough review."
<commentary>
Explicit review request triggers the agent.
</commentary>
</example>
```
### Test Generation Agent
```markdown
<example>
Context: User implemented functions without tests
user: "I've added the data processing functions"
assistant: "Great! Let me generate tests for these."
<commentary>
New code without tests, proactively trigger test-generator agent.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the test-generator agent to create comprehensive tests."
</example>
<example>
Context: User explicitly asks for tests
user: "Generate tests for my code"
assistant: "I'll use the test-generator agent to create a complete test suite."
<commentary>
Direct test generation request triggers the agent.
</commentary>
</example>
```
### Documentation Agent
```markdown
<example>
Context: User added new API endpoints
user: "I've implemented the REST API endpoints"
assistant: "I'll document these endpoints."
<commentary>
New API code, proactively generate documentation.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the api-docs-writer agent to create comprehensive documentation."
</example>
<example>
Context: User requests documentation
user: "Write docs for this API"
assistant: "I'll use the api-docs-writer agent to generate clear documentation."
<commentary>
Documentation request triggers the agent.
</commentary>
</example>
```
### Validation Agent
```markdown
<example>
Context: User ready to commit changes
user: "I'm ready to commit this code"
assistant: "Let me validate it first."
<commentary>
Before commit, proactively validate with validation-agent.
</commentary>
assistant: "I'll use the code-validator agent to check for issues."
</example>
<example>
Context: User asks for validation
user: "Validate my implementation"
assistant: "I'll use the code-validator agent to verify correctness."
<commentary>
Explicit validation request triggers the agent.
</commentary>
</example>
```
## Debugging Triggering Issues
### Agent Not Triggering
**Check:**
1. Examples include relevant keywords from user message
2. Context matches actual usage scenarios
3. Commentary explains triggering logic clearly
4. Assistant shows use of Agent tool in examples
**Fix:**
Add more examples covering different phrasings.
### Agent Triggers Too Often
**Check:**
1. Examples are too broad or generic
2. Triggering conditions overlap with other agents
3. Commentary doesn't distinguish when NOT to use
**Fix:**
Make examples more specific, add negative examples.
### Agent Triggers in Wrong Scenarios
**Check:**
1. Examples don't match actual intended use
2. Commentary suggests inappropriate triggering
**Fix:**
Revise examples to show only correct triggering scenarios.
## Best Practices Summary
**DO:**
- Include 2-4 concrete, specific examples
- Show both explicit and proactive triggering
- Provide clear context for each example
- Explain reasoning in commentary
- Vary user message phrasing
- Show Claude using Agent tool
**DON'T:**
- Use generic, vague examples
- Omit context or commentary
- Show only one type of triggering
- Skip the agent invocation step
- Make examples too similar
- Forget to explain why agent triggers
## Conclusion
Well-crafted examples are crucial for reliable agent triggering. Invest time in creating diverse, specific examples that clearly demonstrate when and why the agent should be used.

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@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
#!/bin/bash
# Agent File Validator
# Validates agent markdown files for correct structure and content
set -euo pipefail
# Usage
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Usage: $0 <path/to/agent.md>"
echo ""
echo "Validates agent file for:"
echo " - YAML frontmatter structure"
echo " - Required fields (name, description, model, color)"
echo " - Field formats and constraints"
echo " - System prompt presence and length"
echo " - Example blocks in description"
exit 1
fi
AGENT_FILE="$1"
echo "🔍 Validating agent file: $AGENT_FILE"
echo ""
# Check 1: File exists
if [ ! -f "$AGENT_FILE" ]; then
echo "❌ File not found: $AGENT_FILE"
exit 1
fi
echo "✅ File exists"
# Check 2: Starts with ---
FIRST_LINE=$(head -1 "$AGENT_FILE")
if [ "$FIRST_LINE" != "---" ]; then
echo "❌ File must start with YAML frontmatter (---)"
exit 1
fi
echo "✅ Starts with frontmatter"
# Check 3: Has closing ---
if ! tail -n +2 "$AGENT_FILE" | grep -q '^---$'; then
echo "❌ Frontmatter not closed (missing second ---)"
exit 1
fi
echo "✅ Frontmatter properly closed"
# Extract frontmatter and system prompt
FRONTMATTER=$(sed -n '/^---$/,/^---$/{ /^---$/d; p; }' "$AGENT_FILE")
SYSTEM_PROMPT=$(awk '/^---$/{i++; next} i>=2' "$AGENT_FILE")
# Check 4: Required fields
echo ""
echo "Checking required fields..."
error_count=0
warning_count=0
# Check name field
NAME=$(echo "$FRONTMATTER" | grep '^name:' | sed 's/name: *//' | sed 's/^"\(.*\)"$/\1/')
if [ -z "$NAME" ]; then
echo "❌ Missing required field: name"
((error_count++))
else
echo "✅ name: $NAME"
# Validate name format
if ! [[ "$NAME" =~ ^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]$ ]]; then
echo "❌ name must start/end with alphanumeric and contain only letters, numbers, hyphens"
((error_count++))
fi
# Validate name length
name_length=${#NAME}
if [ $name_length -lt 3 ]; then
echo "❌ name too short (minimum 3 characters)"
((error_count++))
elif [ $name_length -gt 50 ]; then
echo "❌ name too long (maximum 50 characters)"
((error_count++))
fi
# Check for generic names
if [[ "$NAME" =~ ^(helper|assistant|agent|tool)$ ]]; then
echo "⚠️ name is too generic: $NAME"
((warning_count++))
fi
fi
# Check description field
DESCRIPTION=$(echo "$FRONTMATTER" | grep '^description:' | sed 's/description: *//')
if [ -z "$DESCRIPTION" ]; then
echo "❌ Missing required field: description"
((error_count++))
else
desc_length=${#DESCRIPTION}
echo "✅ description: ${desc_length} characters"
if [ $desc_length -lt 10 ]; then
echo "⚠️ description too short (minimum 10 characters recommended)"
((warning_count++))
elif [ $desc_length -gt 5000 ]; then
echo "⚠️ description very long (over 5000 characters)"
((warning_count++))
fi
# Check for example blocks
if ! echo "$DESCRIPTION" | grep -q '<example>'; then
echo "⚠️ description should include <example> blocks for triggering"
((warning_count++))
fi
# Check for "Use this agent when" pattern
if ! echo "$DESCRIPTION" | grep -qi 'use this agent when'; then
echo "⚠️ description should start with 'Use this agent when...'"
((warning_count++))
fi
fi
# Check model field
MODEL=$(echo "$FRONTMATTER" | grep '^model:' | sed 's/model: *//')
if [ -z "$MODEL" ]; then
echo "❌ Missing required field: model"
((error_count++))
else
echo "✅ model: $MODEL"
case "$MODEL" in
inherit|sonnet|opus|haiku)
# Valid model
;;
*)
echo "⚠️ Unknown model: $MODEL (valid: inherit, sonnet, opus, haiku)"
((warning_count++))
;;
esac
fi
# Check color field
COLOR=$(echo "$FRONTMATTER" | grep '^color:' | sed 's/color: *//')
if [ -z "$COLOR" ]; then
echo "❌ Missing required field: color"
((error_count++))
else
echo "✅ color: $COLOR"
case "$COLOR" in
blue|cyan|green|yellow|magenta|red)
# Valid color
;;
*)
echo "⚠️ Unknown color: $COLOR (valid: blue, cyan, green, yellow, magenta, red)"
((warning_count++))
;;
esac
fi
# Check tools field (optional)
TOOLS=$(echo "$FRONTMATTER" | grep '^tools:' | sed 's/tools: *//')
if [ -n "$TOOLS" ]; then
echo "✅ tools: $TOOLS"
else
echo "💡 tools: not specified (agent has access to all tools)"
fi
# Check 5: System prompt
echo ""
echo "Checking system prompt..."
if [ -z "$SYSTEM_PROMPT" ]; then
echo "❌ System prompt is empty"
((error_count++))
else
prompt_length=${#SYSTEM_PROMPT}
echo "✅ System prompt: $prompt_length characters"
if [ $prompt_length -lt 20 ]; then
echo "❌ System prompt too short (minimum 20 characters)"
((error_count++))
elif [ $prompt_length -gt 10000 ]; then
echo "⚠️ System prompt very long (over 10,000 characters)"
((warning_count++))
fi
# Check for second person
if ! echo "$SYSTEM_PROMPT" | grep -q "You are\|You will\|Your"; then
echo "⚠️ System prompt should use second person (You are..., You will...)"
((warning_count++))
fi
# Check for structure
if ! echo "$SYSTEM_PROMPT" | grep -qi "responsibilities\|process\|steps"; then
echo "💡 Consider adding clear responsibilities or process steps"
fi
if ! echo "$SYSTEM_PROMPT" | grep -qi "output"; then
echo "💡 Consider defining output format expectations"
fi
fi
echo ""
echo "━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━"
if [ $error_count -eq 0 ] && [ $warning_count -eq 0 ]; then
echo "✅ All checks passed!"
exit 0
elif [ $error_count -eq 0 ]; then
echo "⚠️ Validation passed with $warning_count warning(s)"
exit 0
else
echo "❌ Validation failed with $error_count error(s) and $warning_count warning(s)"
exit 1
fi

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
---
name: capacitor-push-notifications
description: Complete guide to implementing push notifications in Capacitor apps using Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM) and Apple Push Notification Service (APNs). Covers setup, handling, and best practices. Use this skill when users need to add push notifications.
---
# Push Notifications in Capacitor
Implement push notifications for iOS and Android using Firebase and APNs.
## When to Use This Skill
- User wants push notifications
- User needs FCM setup
- User asks about APNs
- User has notification issues
- User wants rich notifications
## Quick Start
### Install Plugin
```bash
npm install @capacitor/push-notifications
npx cap sync
```
### Basic Implementation
```typescript
import { PushNotifications } from '@capacitor/push-notifications';
async function initPushNotifications() {
// Request permission
const permission = await PushNotifications.requestPermissions();
if (permission.receive === 'granted') {
// Register for push
await PushNotifications.register();
}
// Get FCM token
PushNotifications.addListener('registration', (token) => {
console.log('Push token:', token.value);
// Send token to your server
sendTokenToServer(token.value);
});
// Handle registration error
PushNotifications.addListener('registrationError', (error) => {
console.error('Registration error:', error);
});
// Handle incoming notification (foreground)
PushNotifications.addListener('pushNotificationReceived', (notification) => {
console.log('Notification received:', notification);
// Show in-app notification
showInAppNotification(notification);
});
// Handle notification tap
PushNotifications.addListener('pushNotificationActionPerformed', (action) => {
console.log('Notification action:', action);
// Navigate based on notification data
handleNotificationTap(action.notification);
});
}
```
## Firebase Setup
### 1. Create Firebase Project
1. Go to https://console.firebase.google.com
2. Create new project
3. Add iOS and Android apps
### 2. Android Configuration
Download `google-services.json` to `android/app/`
```groovy
// android/build.gradle
buildscript {
dependencies {
classpath 'com.google.gms:google-services:4.4.0'
}
}
```
```groovy
// android/app/build.gradle
apply plugin: 'com.google.gms.google-services'
dependencies {
implementation platform('com.google.firebase:firebase-bom:32.7.0')
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-messaging'
}
```
### 3. iOS Configuration
Download `GoogleService-Info.plist` to `ios/App/App/`
```ruby
# ios/App/Podfile
pod 'Firebase/Messaging'
```
```swift
// ios/App/App/AppDelegate.swift
import Firebase
import FirebaseMessaging
@UIApplicationMain
class AppDelegate: UIResponder, UIApplicationDelegate {
func application(
_ application: UIApplication,
didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplication.LaunchOptionsKey: Any]?
) -> Bool {
FirebaseApp.configure()
return true
}
func application(
_ application: UIApplication,
didRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithDeviceToken deviceToken: Data
) {
Messaging.messaging().apnsToken = deviceToken
}
}
```
### 4. iOS Capabilities
In Xcode:
1. Select App target
2. Signing & Capabilities
3. Add "Push Notifications"
4. Add "Background Modes" > "Remote notifications"
## APNs Key Setup (iOS)
### Create APNs Key
1. Go to https://developer.apple.com/account
2. Certificates, IDs & Profiles
3. Keys > Create Key
4. Enable Apple Push Notifications service (APNs)
5. Download .p8 file
### Add to Firebase
1. Firebase Console > Project Settings
2. Cloud Messaging tab
3. iOS app configuration
4. Upload APNs Authentication Key (.p8)
5. Enter Key ID and Team ID
## Sending Notifications
### Firebase Admin SDK (Node.js)
```typescript
import admin from 'firebase-admin';
// Initialize
admin.initializeApp({
credential: admin.credential.cert(serviceAccount),
});
// Send to single device
async function sendToDevice(token: string) {
await admin.messaging().send({
token,
notification: {
title: 'Hello!',
body: 'You have a new message',
},
data: {
type: 'message',
messageId: '123',
},
android: {
priority: 'high',
notification: {
channelId: 'messages',
icon: 'ic_notification',
color: '#4285f4',
},
},
apns: {
payload: {
aps: {
badge: 1,
sound: 'default',
},
},
},
});
}
// Send to topic
async function sendToTopic(topic: string) {
await admin.messaging().send({
topic,
notification: {
title: 'Breaking News',
body: 'Something important happened',
},
});
}
// Send to multiple devices
async function sendToMultiple(tokens: string[]) {
await admin.messaging().sendEachForMulticast({
tokens,
notification: {
title: 'Update',
body: 'New features available',
},
});
}
```
### HTTP v1 API
```bash
curl -X POST \
'https://fcm.googleapis.com/v1/projects/YOUR_PROJECT/messages:send' \
-H 'Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN' \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-d '{
"message": {
"token": "DEVICE_TOKEN",
"notification": {
"title": "Hello",
"body": "World"
}
}
}'
```
## Advanced Features
### Notification Channels (Android)
```typescript
import { PushNotifications } from '@capacitor/push-notifications';
// Create channel
await PushNotifications.createChannel({
id: 'messages',
name: 'Messages',
description: 'Message notifications',
importance: 5, // Max importance
visibility: 1, // Public
sound: 'notification.wav',
vibration: true,
lights: true,
lightColor: '#FF0000',
});
// Delete channel
await PushNotifications.deleteChannel({ id: 'old-channel' });
// List channels
const channels = await PushNotifications.listChannels();
```
### Topic Subscription
```typescript
// Subscribe to topic
await PushNotifications.addListener('registration', async () => {
// Subscribe to topics based on user preferences
const messaging = getMessaging();
await subscribeToTopic(messaging, 'news');
await subscribeToTopic(messaging, 'promotions');
});
```
### Rich Notifications (iOS)
```swift
// ios/App/NotificationService/NotificationService.swift
import UserNotifications
class NotificationService: UNNotificationServiceExtension {
override func didReceive(
_ request: UNNotificationRequest,
withContentHandler contentHandler: @escaping (UNNotificationContent) -> Void
) {
guard let mutableContent = request.content.mutableCopy() as? UNMutableNotificationContent else {
contentHandler(request.content)
return
}
// Add image
if let imageUrl = request.content.userInfo["image"] as? String,
let url = URL(string: imageUrl) {
downloadImage(url: url) { attachment in
if let attachment = attachment {
mutableContent.attachments = [attachment]
}
contentHandler(mutableContent)
}
} else {
contentHandler(mutableContent)
}
}
}
```
### Notification Actions
```typescript
// Handle action buttons
PushNotifications.addListener('pushNotificationActionPerformed', (action) => {
switch (action.actionId) {
case 'reply':
// Handle reply action
const input = action.inputValue;
sendReply(input);
break;
case 'dismiss':
// Handle dismiss
break;
default:
// Handle tap
navigateToContent(action.notification.data);
}
});
```
## Background Handling
### Data-Only Notifications
```typescript
// Server-side: Send data-only message
{
"to": "DEVICE_TOKEN",
"data": {
"type": "sync",
"action": "refresh"
}
// No "notification" key = data-only
}
```
```kotlin
// android/app/src/main/java/.../FirebaseService.kt
class FirebaseService : FirebaseMessagingService() {
override fun onMessageReceived(message: RemoteMessage) {
// Handle data message in background
message.data["type"]?.let { type ->
when (type) {
"sync" -> performBackgroundSync()
"update" -> checkForUpdates()
}
}
}
}
```
## Local Notifications Fallback
```typescript
import { LocalNotifications } from '@capacitor/local-notifications';
// Show local notification when in foreground
PushNotifications.addListener('pushNotificationReceived', async (notification) => {
await LocalNotifications.schedule({
notifications: [
{
id: Date.now(),
title: notification.title || '',
body: notification.body || '',
extra: notification.data,
},
],
});
});
```
## Best Practices
### Permission Handling
```typescript
async function requestNotificationPermission() {
const { receive } = await PushNotifications.checkPermissions();
if (receive === 'prompt') {
// Show explanation first
const shouldRequest = await showPermissionExplanation();
if (shouldRequest) {
const result = await PushNotifications.requestPermissions();
return result.receive === 'granted';
}
return false;
}
if (receive === 'denied') {
// Guide user to settings
showSettingsPrompt();
return false;
}
return receive === 'granted';
}
```
### Token Refresh
```typescript
// Handle token refresh
PushNotifications.addListener('registration', async (token) => {
const oldToken = await getStoredToken();
if (oldToken !== token.value) {
// Token changed, update server
await updateServerToken(oldToken, token.value);
await storeToken(token.value);
}
});
```
### Error Handling
```typescript
PushNotifications.addListener('registrationError', (error) => {
console.error('Push registration failed:', error);
// Log to analytics
analytics.logEvent('push_registration_failed', {
error: error.error,
});
// Retry with backoff
scheduleRetry();
});
```
## Troubleshooting
### iOS Not Receiving
1. Check APNs key in Firebase
2. Verify Push Notifications capability
3. Check provisioning profile
4. Verify device token format
5. Test with Firebase Console
### Android Not Receiving
1. Verify google-services.json
2. Check notification channel exists
3. Verify FCM token
4. Check battery optimization
5. Test with Firebase Console
### Common Issues
| Issue | Solution |
|-------|----------|
| No token | Check permissions, network |
| Foreground only | Implement background handler |
| Delayed delivery | Use high priority, data-only |
| No sound | Configure notification channel |
| Badge not updating | Set badge in payload |
## Resources
- Capacitor Push Notifications: https://capacitorjs.com/docs/apis/push-notifications
- Firebase Cloud Messaging: https://firebase.google.com/docs/cloud-messaging
- APNs Documentation: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/usernotifications

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---
name: capacitor-security
description: Comprehensive security guide for Capacitor apps using Capsec scanner. Covers 63+ security rules across secrets, storage, network, authentication, cryptography, and platform-specific vulnerabilities. Use this skill when users need to secure their mobile app or run security audits.
---
# Capacitor Security with Capsec
Zero-config security scanning for Capacitor and Ionic apps.
## When to Use This Skill
- User wants to secure their app
- User asks about security vulnerabilities
- User needs to run security audit
- User has hardcoded secrets
- User needs CI/CD security scanning
- User asks about OWASP mobile security
## Quick Start with Capsec
### Run Security Scan
```bash
# Scan current directory (no installation needed)
npx capsec scan
# Scan specific path
npx capsec scan ./my-app
# CI mode (exit code 1 on high/critical issues)
npx capsec scan --ci
```
### Output Formats
```bash
# CLI output (default)
npx capsec scan
# JSON report
npx capsec scan --output json --output-file report.json
# HTML report
npx capsec scan --output html --output-file security-report.html
```
### Filtering
```bash
# Only critical and high severity
npx capsec scan --severity high
# Specific categories
npx capsec scan --categories secrets,network,storage
# Exclude test files
npx capsec scan --exclude "**/test/**,**/*.spec.ts"
```
## Security Rules Reference
### Secrets Detection (SEC)
| Rule | Severity | Description |
|------|----------|-------------|
| SEC001 | Critical | Hardcoded API Keys & Secrets |
| SEC002 | High | Exposed .env File |
**What Capsec Detects**:
- AWS Access Keys
- Google API Keys
- Firebase Keys
- Stripe Keys
- GitHub Tokens
- JWT Secrets
- Database Credentials
- 30+ secret patterns
**Fix Example**:
```typescript
// BAD - Hardcoded API key
const API_KEY = 'sk_live_abc123xyz';
// GOOD - Use environment variables
import { Env } from '@capgo/capacitor-env';
const API_KEY = await Env.get({ key: 'API_KEY' });
```
### Storage Security (STO)
| Rule | Severity | Description |
|------|----------|-------------|
| STO001 | High | Unencrypted Sensitive Data in Preferences |
| STO002 | High | localStorage Usage for Sensitive Data |
| STO003 | Medium | SQLite Database Without Encryption |
| STO004 | Medium | Filesystem Storage of Sensitive Data |
| STO005 | Low | Insecure Data Caching |
| STO006 | High | Keychain/Keystore Not Used for Credentials |
**Fix Example**:
```typescript
// BAD - Plain preferences for tokens
import { Preferences } from '@capacitor/preferences';
await Preferences.set({ key: 'auth_token', value: token });
// GOOD - Use secure storage
import { NativeBiometric } from '@capgo/capacitor-native-biometric';
await NativeBiometric.setCredentials({
username: email,
password: token,
server: 'api.myapp.com',
});
```
### Network Security (NET)
| Rule | Severity | Description |
|------|----------|-------------|
| NET001 | Critical | HTTP Cleartext Traffic |
| NET002 | High | SSL/TLS Certificate Pinning Missing |
| NET003 | High | Capacitor Server Cleartext Enabled |
| NET004 | Medium | Insecure WebSocket Connection |
| NET005 | Medium | CORS Wildcard Configuration |
| NET006 | Medium | Insecure Deep Link Validation |
| NET007 | Low | Capacitor HTTP Plugin Misuse |
| NET008 | High | Sensitive Data in URL Parameters |
**Fix Example**:
```typescript
// BAD - HTTP in production
const config: CapacitorConfig = {
server: {
cleartext: true, // Never in production!
},
};
// GOOD - HTTPS only
const config: CapacitorConfig = {
server: {
cleartext: false,
// Only allow specific domains
allowNavigation: ['https://api.myapp.com'],
},
};
```
### Capacitor-Specific (CAP)
| Rule | Severity | Description |
|------|----------|-------------|
| CAP001 | High | WebView Debug Mode Enabled |
| CAP002 | Medium | Insecure Plugin Configuration |
| CAP003 | Low | Verbose Logging in Production |
| CAP004 | High | Insecure allowNavigation |
| CAP005 | Critical | Native Bridge Exposure |
| CAP006 | Critical | Eval Usage with User Input |
| CAP007 | Medium | Missing Root/Jailbreak Detection |
| CAP008 | Low | Insecure Plugin Import |
| CAP009 | Medium | Live Update Security |
| CAP010 | High | Insecure postMessage Handler |
**Fix Example**:
```typescript
// BAD - Debug mode in production
const config: CapacitorConfig = {
ios: {
webContentsDebuggingEnabled: true, // Remove in production!
},
android: {
webContentsDebuggingEnabled: true, // Remove in production!
},
};
// GOOD - Only in development
const config: CapacitorConfig = {
ios: {
webContentsDebuggingEnabled: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development',
},
};
```
### Android Security (AND)
| Rule | Severity | Description |
|------|----------|-------------|
| AND001 | High | Android Cleartext Traffic Allowed |
| AND002 | Medium | Android Debug Mode Enabled |
| AND003 | Medium | Insecure Android Permissions |
| AND004 | Low | Android Backup Allowed |
| AND005 | High | Exported Components Without Permission |
| AND006 | Medium | WebView JavaScript Enabled Without Safeguards |
| AND007 | Critical | Insecure WebView addJavascriptInterface |
| AND008 | Critical | Hardcoded Signing Key |
**Fix AndroidManifest.xml**:
```xml
<!-- BAD -->
<application android:usesCleartextTraffic="true">
<!-- GOOD -->
<application
android:usesCleartextTraffic="false"
android:allowBackup="false"
android:networkSecurityConfig="@xml/network_security_config">
```
**network_security_config.xml**:
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<network-security-config>
<domain-config cleartextTrafficPermitted="false">
<domain includeSubdomains="true">api.myapp.com</domain>
<pin-set>
<pin digest="SHA-256">your-pin-hash</pin>
</pin-set>
</domain-config>
</network-security-config>
```
### iOS Security (IOS)
| Rule | Severity | Description |
|------|----------|-------------|
| IOS001 | High | App Transport Security Disabled |
| IOS002 | Medium | Insecure Keychain Access |
| IOS003 | Medium | URL Scheme Without Validation |
| IOS004 | Low | iOS Pasteboard Sensitive Data |
| IOS005 | Medium | Insecure iOS Entitlements |
| IOS006 | Low | Background App Refresh Data Exposure |
| IOS007 | Medium | Missing iOS Jailbreak Detection |
| IOS008 | Low | Screenshots Not Disabled for Sensitive Screens |
**Fix Info.plist**:
```xml
<!-- BAD - Disables ATS -->
<key>NSAppTransportSecurity</key>
<dict>
<key>NSAllowsArbitraryLoads</key>
<true/>
</dict>
<!-- GOOD - Specific exceptions only -->
<key>NSAppTransportSecurity</key>
<dict>
<key>NSExceptionDomains</key>
<dict>
<key>legacy-api.example.com</key>
<dict>
<key>NSExceptionAllowsInsecureHTTPLoads</key>
<true/>
<key>NSExceptionMinimumTLSVersion</key>
<string>TLSv1.2</string>
</dict>
</dict>
</dict>
```
### Authentication (AUTH)
| Rule | Severity | Description |
|------|----------|-------------|
| AUTH001 | Critical | Weak JWT Validation |
| AUTH002 | High | Insecure Biometric Implementation |
| AUTH003 | High | Weak Random Number Generation |
| AUTH004 | Medium | Missing Session Timeout |
| AUTH005 | High | OAuth State Parameter Missing |
| AUTH006 | Critical | Hardcoded Credentials in Auth |
**Fix Example**:
```typescript
// BAD - No JWT validation
const decoded = jwt.decode(token);
// GOOD - Verify JWT signature
const decoded = jwt.verify(token, publicKey, {
algorithms: ['RS256'],
issuer: 'https://auth.myapp.com',
audience: 'myapp',
});
```
### WebView Security (WEB)
| Rule | Severity | Description |
|------|----------|-------------|
| WEB001 | Critical | WebView JavaScript Injection |
| WEB002 | Medium | Unsafe iframe Configuration |
| WEB003 | Medium | External Script Loading |
| WEB004 | Medium | Content Security Policy Missing |
| WEB005 | Low | Target _blank Without noopener |
**Fix - Add CSP**:
```html
<!-- index.html -->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="
default-src 'self';
script-src 'self';
style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline';
img-src 'self' data: https:;
connect-src 'self' https://api.myapp.com;
font-src 'self';
frame-ancestors 'none';
">
```
### Cryptography (CRY)
| Rule | Severity | Description |
|------|----------|-------------|
| CRY001 | Critical | Weak Cryptographic Algorithm |
| CRY002 | Critical | Hardcoded Encryption Key |
| CRY003 | High | Insecure Random IV Generation |
| CRY004 | High | Weak Password Hashing |
**Fix Example**:
```typescript
// BAD - Weak algorithm
const encrypted = CryptoJS.DES.encrypt(data, key);
// GOOD - Strong algorithm
const encrypted = CryptoJS.AES.encrypt(data, key, {
mode: CryptoJS.mode.GCM,
padding: CryptoJS.pad.Pkcs7,
});
// BAD - Hardcoded key
const key = 'my-secret-key-123';
// GOOD - Derived key
const key = await crypto.subtle.deriveKey(
{ name: 'PBKDF2', salt, iterations: 100000, hash: 'SHA-256' },
baseKey,
{ name: 'AES-GCM', length: 256 },
false,
['encrypt', 'decrypt']
);
```
### Logging (LOG)
| Rule | Severity | Description |
|------|----------|-------------|
| LOG001 | High | Sensitive Data in Console Logs |
| LOG002 | Low | Console Logs in Production |
**Fix Example**:
```typescript
// BAD - Logging sensitive data
console.log('User password:', password);
console.log('Token:', authToken);
// GOOD - Redact sensitive data
console.log('User authenticated:', userId);
// Use conditional logging
if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development') {
console.debug('Debug info:', data);
}
```
## CI/CD Integration
### GitHub Actions
```yaml
name: Security Scan
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
security:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
- name: Run Capsec Security Scan
run: npx capsec scan --ci --output json --output-file security-report.json
- name: Upload Security Report
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
if: always()
with:
name: security-report
path: security-report.json
```
### GitLab CI
```yaml
security-scan:
image: node:20
script:
- npx capsec scan --ci
artifacts:
reports:
security: security-report.json
only:
- merge_requests
- main
```
## Configuration
### capsec.config.json
```json
{
"exclude": [
"**/node_modules/**",
"**/dist/**",
"**/*.test.ts",
"**/*.spec.ts"
],
"severity": "low",
"categories": [],
"rules": {
"LOG002": {
"enabled": false
},
"SEC001": {
"severity": "critical"
}
}
}
```
### Initialize Config
```bash
npx capsec init
```
## Root/Jailbreak Detection
```typescript
import { IsRoot } from '@capgo/capacitor-is-root';
async function checkDeviceSecurity() {
const { isRooted } = await IsRoot.isRooted();
if (isRooted) {
// Option 1: Warn user
showWarning('Device security compromised');
// Option 2: Restrict features
disableSensitiveFeatures();
// Option 3: Block app (for high-security apps)
blockApp();
}
}
```
## Security Checklist
### Before Release
- [ ] Run `npx capsec scan --severity high`
- [ ] Remove all console.log statements
- [ ] Disable WebView debugging
- [ ] Remove development URLs
- [ ] Verify no hardcoded secrets
- [ ] Enable certificate pinning
- [ ] Implement root/jailbreak detection
- [ ] Add Content Security Policy
- [ ] Use secure storage for credentials
- [ ] Enable ProGuard (Android)
- [ ] Verify ATS settings (iOS)
### Ongoing
- [ ] Run security scans in CI/CD
- [ ] Monitor for new vulnerabilities
- [ ] Update dependencies regularly
- [ ] Review third-party plugins
- [ ] Audit authentication flows
## Resources
- Capsec Documentation: https://capacitor-sec.dev
- OWASP Mobile Top 10: https://owasp.org/www-project-mobile-top-10
- OWASP MASTG: https://mas.owasp.org/MASTG
- Capgo Security Plugins: https://capgo.app

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---
name: find-skills
description: Helps users discover and install agent skills when they ask questions like "how do I do X", "find a skill for X", "is there a skill that can...", or express interest in extending capabilities. This skill should be used when the user is looking for functionality that might exist as an installable skill.
---
# Find Skills
This skill helps you discover and install skills from the open agent skills ecosystem.
## When to Use This Skill
Use this skill when the user:
- Asks "how do I do X" where X might be a common task with an existing skill
- Says "find a skill for X" or "is there a skill for X"
- Asks "can you do X" where X is a specialized capability
- Expresses interest in extending agent capabilities
- Wants to search for tools, templates, or workflows
- Mentions they wish they had help with a specific domain (design, testing, deployment, etc.)
## What is the Skills CLI?
The Skills CLI (`npx skills`) is the package manager for the open agent skills ecosystem. Skills are modular packages that extend agent capabilities with specialized knowledge, workflows, and tools.
**Key commands:**
- `npx skills find [query]` - Search for skills interactively or by keyword
- `npx skills add <package>` - Install a skill from GitHub or other sources
- `npx skills check` - Check for skill updates
- `npx skills update` - Update all installed skills
**Browse skills at:** https://skills.sh/
## How to Help Users Find Skills
### Step 1: Understand What They Need
When a user asks for help with something, identify:
1. The domain (e.g., React, testing, design, deployment)
2. The specific task (e.g., writing tests, creating animations, reviewing PRs)
3. Whether this is a common enough task that a skill likely exists
### Step 2: Check the Leaderboard First
Before running a CLI search, check the [skills.sh leaderboard](https://skills.sh/) to see if a well-known skill already exists for the domain. The leaderboard ranks skills by total installs, surfacing the most popular and battle-tested options.
For example, top skills for web development include:
- `vercel-labs/agent-skills` — React, Next.js, web design (100K+ installs each)
- `anthropics/skills` — Frontend design, document processing (100K+ installs)
### Step 3: Search for Skills
If the leaderboard doesn't cover the user's need, run the find command:
```bash
npx skills find [query]
```
For example:
- User asks "how do I make my React app faster?" → `npx skills find react performance`
- User asks "can you help me with PR reviews?" → `npx skills find pr review`
- User asks "I need to create a changelog" → `npx skills find changelog`
### Step 4: Verify Quality Before Recommending
**Do not recommend a skill based solely on search results.** Always verify:
1. **Install count** — Prefer skills with 1K+ installs. Be cautious with anything under 100.
2. **Source reputation** — Official sources (`vercel-labs`, `anthropics`, `microsoft`) are more trustworthy than unknown authors.
3. **GitHub stars** — Check the source repository. A skill from a repo with <100 stars should be treated with skepticism.
### Step 5: Present Options to the User
When you find relevant skills, present them to the user with:
1. The skill name and what it does
2. The install count and source
3. The install command they can run
4. A link to learn more at skills.sh
Example response:
```
I found a skill that might help! The "react-best-practices" skill provides
React and Next.js performance optimization guidelines from Vercel Engineering.
(185K installs)
To install it:
npx skills add vercel-labs/agent-skills@react-best-practices
Learn more: https://skills.sh/vercel-labs/agent-skills/react-best-practices
```
### Step 6: Offer to Install
If the user wants to proceed, you can install the skill for them:
```bash
npx skills add <owner/repo@skill> -g -y
```
The `-g` flag installs globally (user-level) and `-y` skips confirmation prompts.
## Common Skill Categories
When searching, consider these common categories:
| Category | Example Queries |
| --------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
| Web Development | react, nextjs, typescript, css, tailwind |
| Testing | testing, jest, playwright, e2e |
| DevOps | deploy, docker, kubernetes, ci-cd |
| Documentation | docs, readme, changelog, api-docs |
| Code Quality | review, lint, refactor, best-practices |
| Design | ui, ux, design-system, accessibility |
| Productivity | workflow, automation, git |
## Tips for Effective Searches
1. **Use specific keywords**: "react testing" is better than just "testing"
2. **Try alternative terms**: If "deploy" doesn't work, try "deployment" or "ci-cd"
3. **Check popular sources**: Many skills come from `vercel-labs/agent-skills` or `ComposioHQ/awesome-claude-skills`
## When No Skills Are Found
If no relevant skills exist:
1. Acknowledge that no existing skill was found
2. Offer to help with the task directly using your general capabilities
3. Suggest the user could create their own skill with `npx skills init`
Example:
```
I searched for skills related to "xyz" but didn't find any matches.
I can still help you with this task directly! Would you like me to proceed?
If this is something you do often, you could create your own skill:
npx skills init my-xyz-skill
```

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---
name: nuxt-testing
description: Nuxt testing with @nuxt/test-utils — unit tests with Nuxt runtime environment, component testing with mountSuspended, mocking auto-imports, and e2e testing with Playwright. Use when writing tests for Nuxt apps, components, composables, or pages.
metadata:
author: Phil
version: "2026.4.10"
source: Generated from https://nuxt.com/docs/4.x/getting-started/testing
---
Testing Nuxt applications using `@nuxt/test-utils` with Vitest. Covers unit testing in a Nuxt runtime environment, component testing with `mountSuspended`, mocking Nuxt auto-imports and components, and end-to-end testing with Playwright.
> Based on Nuxt 4.x / @nuxt/test-utils documentation, generated at 2026-04-10.
## Setup
| Topic | Description | Reference |
|-------|-------------|-----------|
| Installation & Config | Dependencies, vitest.config.ts with projects, test directory structure | [setup-config](references/setup-config.md) |
## Unit Testing
| Topic | Description | Reference |
|-------|-------------|-----------|
| Nuxt Environment | Running tests in the Nuxt runtime environment, environment options, organizing test directories | [unit-nuxt-environment](references/unit-nuxt-environment.md) |
| Helpers | mountSuspended, renderSuspended, mockNuxtImport, mockComponent, registerEndpoint | [unit-helpers](references/unit-helpers.md) |
| Built-In Mocks | IntersectionObserver and IndexedDB mocks in the Nuxt test environment | [unit-mocks](references/unit-mocks.md) |
## End-to-End Testing
| Topic | Description | Reference |
|-------|-------------|-----------|
| E2E with Vitest | Setup function, $fetch, fetch, url helpers, browser testing with createPage | [e2e-vitest](references/e2e-vitest.md) |
| E2E with Playwright | Playwright test runner integration, goto helper, configuration | [e2e-playwright](references/e2e-playwright.md) |

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# End-to-End Testing with Playwright Test Runner
## Installation
```bash
pnpm add -D @playwright/test @nuxt/test-utils
```
## Configuration
```ts
// playwright.config.ts
import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test'
import type { ConfigOptions } from '@nuxt/test-utils/playwright'
export default defineConfig<ConfigOptions>({
use: {
nuxt: {
rootDir: fileURLToPath(new URL('.', import.meta.url)),
},
},
// ...
})
```
## Writing Tests
Import `expect` and `test` from `@nuxt/test-utils/playwright` (not from `@playwright/test`):
```ts
// tests/example.test.ts
import { expect, test } from '@nuxt/test-utils/playwright'
test('test', async ({ page, goto }) => {
await goto('/', { waitUntil: 'hydration' })
await expect(page.getByRole('heading')).toHaveText('Welcome to Playwright!')
})
```
The `goto` helper is Nuxt-aware and supports `waitUntil: 'hydration'`.
## Per-File Nuxt Configuration
Override Nuxt config directly in a test file:
```ts
import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
import { expect, test } from '@nuxt/test-utils/playwright'
test.use({
nuxt: {
rootDir: fileURLToPath(new URL('..', import.meta.url)),
},
})
test('test', async ({ page, goto }) => {
await goto('/', { waitUntil: 'hydration' })
await expect(page.getByRole('heading')).toHaveText('Welcome to Playwright!')
})
```

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# End-to-End Testing with Vitest
## Setup
In each `describe` block, call `setup()` before tests to initialize the Nuxt test environment:
```ts
import { describe, test } from 'vitest'
import { $fetch, setup } from '@nuxt/test-utils/e2e'
describe('My test', async () => {
await setup({
// test context options
})
test('my test', () => {
// ...
})
})
```
`setup` performs tasks in `beforeAll`, `beforeEach`, `afterEach`, and `afterAll`.
## Setup Options
### Nuxt Config
- `rootDir`: Path to Nuxt app directory (default: `'.'`)
- `configFile`: Configuration file name (default: `'nuxt.config'`)
### Timings
- `setupTimeout`: Time in ms for setup to complete (default: `120000`, `240000` on Windows)
- `teardownTimeout`: Time in ms for teardown (default: `30000`)
### Features
- `build`: Run a separate build step (default: `true`, `false` if browser/server disabled or host provided)
- `server`: Launch a server for requests (default: `true`, `false` if host provided)
- `port`: Fixed test server port (default: `undefined`, auto-assigned)
- `host`: URL to test against instead of building a new server (useful for testing deployed apps)
- `browser`: Launch a Playwright browser instance (default: `false`)
- `browserOptions`:
- `type`: `'chromium'` | `'firefox'` | `'webkit'`
- `launch`: Playwright launch options
- `runner`: Test runner (`'vitest'` | `'jest'` | `'cucumber'`, default: `'vitest'`)
## API Helpers
### `$fetch(url)`
Get the HTML of a server-rendered page:
```ts
import { $fetch } from '@nuxt/test-utils/e2e'
const html = await $fetch('/')
```
### `fetch(url)`
Get the full response:
```ts
import { fetch } from '@nuxt/test-utils/e2e'
const res = await fetch('/')
const { body, headers } = res
```
### `url(path)`
Get the full URL including the test server port:
```ts
import { url } from '@nuxt/test-utils/e2e'
const pageUrl = url('/page')
// 'http://localhost:6840/page'
```
### `createPage(url)`
Create a Playwright browser page (requires `browser: true` in setup):
```ts
import { createPage } from '@nuxt/test-utils/e2e'
const page = await createPage('/page')
// Full Playwright Page API available
```
## Target Host Example
Test against a running server instead of building:
```ts
import { createPage, setup } from '@nuxt/test-utils/e2e'
import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
describe('login page', async () => {
await setup({
host: 'http://localhost:8787',
})
it('displays the email and password fields', async () => {
const page = await createPage('/login')
expect(await page.getByTestId('email').isVisible()).toBe(true)
expect(await page.getByTestId('password').isVisible()).toBe(true)
})
})
```

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# Installation & Configuration
## Dependencies
```bash
pnpm add -D @nuxt/test-utils vitest @vue/test-utils happy-dom playwright-core
```
## Nuxt Config
Add the test utils module for Vitest integration in DevTools (optional):
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
modules: [
'@nuxt/test-utils/module',
],
})
```
## Vitest Config (Project-Based Setup)
Use Vitest projects for fine-grained control over which tests run in which environment:
```ts
// vitest.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config'
import { defineVitestProject } from '@nuxt/test-utils/config'
export default defineConfig({
test: {
projects: [
{
test: {
name: 'unit',
include: ['test/unit/*.{test,spec}.ts'],
environment: 'node',
},
},
{
test: {
name: 'e2e',
include: ['test/e2e/*.{test,spec}.ts'],
environment: 'node',
},
},
await defineVitestProject({
test: {
name: 'nuxt',
include: ['test/nuxt/*.{test,spec}.ts'],
environment: 'nuxt',
},
}),
],
},
})
```
**Important:** Requires `"type": "module"` in `package.json`, or rename to `vitest.config.m{ts,js}`.
## Alternative: Simple Setup
If all tests should run in the Nuxt environment:
```ts
// vitest.config.ts
import { defineVitestConfig } from '@nuxt/test-utils/config'
export default defineVitestConfig({
test: {
environment: 'nuxt',
// environmentOptions: {
// nuxt: {
// domEnvironment: 'happy-dom', // 'happy-dom' (default) or 'jsdom'
// overrides: {
// // other Nuxt config
// }
// }
// }
},
})
```
Opt out of the Nuxt environment per test file with a comment:
```ts
// @vitest-environment node
import { test } from 'vitest'
test('my test', () => {
// runs without Nuxt environment
})
```
## Recommended Test Directory Structure
```
test/
├── e2e/ # End-to-end tests (node environment)
│ └── ssr.test.ts
├── nuxt/ # Tests needing Nuxt runtime (nuxt environment)
│ ├── components.test.ts
│ └── composables.test.ts
└── unit/ # Pure unit tests (node environment)
└── utils.test.ts
```
## Running Tests
```bash
# Run all tests
npx vitest
# Run only unit tests
npx vitest --project unit
# Run only Nuxt tests
npx vitest --project nuxt
# Run tests in watch mode
npx vitest --watch
```
## Environment Variables
Use a `.env.test` file for test-specific environment variables.
## TypeScript Support
Test files in `test/nuxt/` and `tests/nuxt/` are automatically included in the Nuxt app TypeScript context, so they recognize `~/`, `@/`, `#imports` aliases and auto-imports.
To add other directories to the Nuxt TypeScript context:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
typescript: {
tsConfig: {
include: [
// relative to generated .nuxt/tsconfig.json
'../test/other-nuxt-context/**/*',
],
},
},
})
```

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# Test Helpers
All helpers are imported from `@nuxt/test-utils/runtime`.
## `mountSuspended`
Mounts any Vue component within the Nuxt environment, allowing async setup and access to plugin injections. Wraps `@vue/test-utils` `mount` under the hood.
```ts
import { mountSuspended } from '@nuxt/test-utils/runtime'
import { SomeComponent } from '#components'
it('can mount some component', async () => {
const component = await mountSuspended(SomeComponent)
expect(component.text()).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"This is an auto-imported component"')
})
```
Mount with a route:
```ts
import { mountSuspended } from '@nuxt/test-utils/runtime'
import App from '~/app.vue'
it('can mount an app', async () => {
const component = await mountSuspended(App, { route: '/test' })
expect(component.html()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
"<div>This is an auto-imported component</div>
<div> I am a global component </div>
<div>/</div>
<a href="/test"> Test link </a>"
`)
})
```
**Options:** Accepts all `@vue/test-utils` mount options plus:
- `route`: initial route string, or `false` to skip initial route change (default: `/`)
## `renderSuspended`
Renders a component using `@testing-library/vue` within the Nuxt environment. Requires `@testing-library/vue` as a dependency.
```ts
import { renderSuspended } from '@nuxt/test-utils/runtime'
import { SomeComponent } from '#components'
import { screen } from '@testing-library/vue'
it('can render some component', async () => {
await renderSuspended(SomeComponent)
expect(screen.getByText('This is an auto-imported component')).toBeDefined()
})
```
The component is rendered inside `<div id="test-wrapper"></div>`.
**Options:** Accepts all `@testing-library/vue` render options plus:
- `route`: initial route string, or `false` to skip initial route change (default: `/`)
## `mockNuxtImport`
Mocks Nuxt auto-imported functions. This is a macro that transforms to `vi.mock` (hoisted).
**Can only be used once per mocked import per test file.**
```ts
import { mockNuxtImport } from '@nuxt/test-utils/runtime'
mockNuxtImport('useState', () => {
return () => {
return { value: 'mocked storage' }
}
})
```
### With type safety and original implementation
```ts
import { mockNuxtImport } from '@nuxt/test-utils/runtime'
mockNuxtImport<typeof useState>('useState', (original) => {
return (...args) => {
return { ...original('some-key'), value: 'mocked state' }
}
})
// Or pass the function directly
mockNuxtImport(useState, (original) => {
return (...args) => {
return { ...original('some-key'), value: 'mocked state' }
}
})
```
### Different implementations per test
Use `vi.hoisted` to create mutable mocks:
```ts
import { vi } from 'vitest'
import { mockNuxtImport } from '@nuxt/test-utils/runtime'
const { useStateMock } = vi.hoisted(() => {
return {
useStateMock: vi.fn(() => {
return { value: 'mocked storage' }
}),
}
})
mockNuxtImport('useState', () => {
return useStateMock
})
// In a test:
useStateMock.mockImplementation(() => {
return { value: 'something else' }
})
```
### Alternative: per-test mocking with vi.fn
```ts
import { beforeEach, vi } from 'vitest'
import { mockNuxtImport } from '@nuxt/test-utils/runtime'
mockNuxtImport(useRoute, original => vi.fn(original))
beforeEach(() => {
vi.resetAllMocks()
})
// In a test:
const useRouteOriginal = vi.mocked(useRoute).getMockImplementation()!
vi.mocked(useRoute).mockImplementation(
(...args) => ({ ...useRouteOriginal(...args), path: '/mocked' }),
)
```
## `mockComponent`
Mocks a Nuxt component by PascalCase name or relative path.
```ts
import { mockComponent } from '@nuxt/test-utils/runtime'
// By component name
mockComponent('MyComponent', {
props: {
value: String,
},
setup(props) {
// ...
},
})
// By path with factory function
mockComponent('~/components/my-component.vue', () => {
return defineComponent({
setup(props) {
// ...
},
})
})
// Redirect to a mock SFC
mockComponent('MyComponent', () => import('./MockComponent.vue'))
```
**Note:** Cannot reference local variables in the factory function (hoisted). Import dependencies inside the factory:
```ts
mockComponent('MyComponent', async () => {
const { ref, h } = await import('vue')
return defineComponent({
setup(props) {
const counter = ref(0)
return () => h('div', null, counter.value)
},
})
})
```
## `registerEndpoint`
Creates a mock Nitro endpoint that returns test data.
```ts
import { registerEndpoint } from '@nuxt/test-utils/runtime'
// Simple GET endpoint
registerEndpoint('/test/', () => ({
test: 'test-field',
}))
// With specific HTTP method
registerEndpoint('/test/', {
method: 'POST',
handler: () => ({ test: 'test-field' }),
})
```
Options object properties:
- `handler`: event handler function
- `method`: (optional) HTTP method to match (e.g., 'GET', 'POST')
- `once`: (optional) if true, handler is removed after first matching request

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# Built-In Mocks
`@nuxt/test-utils` provides built-in mocks for browser APIs in the DOM test environment.
## `intersectionObserver`
- **Default:** `true`
- Creates a dummy class without any functionality for the IntersectionObserver API.
## `indexedDB`
- **Default:** `false`
- Uses [`fake-indexeddb`](https://github.com/dumbmatter/fakeIndexedDB) to create a functional mock of the IndexedDB API.
## Configuration
```ts
// vitest.config.ts
import { defineVitestConfig } from '@nuxt/test-utils/config'
export default defineVitestConfig({
test: {
environmentOptions: {
nuxt: {
mock: {
intersectionObserver: true,
indexedDb: true,
},
},
},
},
})
```

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# Nuxt Runtime Environment
## Overview
The Nuxt test environment initializes a global Nuxt app before tests run, including plugins and `app.vue`. This gives tests access to auto-imports, composables, and injections.
Tests run in `happy-dom` (default) or `jsdom`. Be careful not to mutate global state, or reset it afterwards.
## Environment Separation
- **`test/unit/`** — Node environment, fast, no Nuxt runtime. For pure logic, utilities, helpers.
- **`test/nuxt/`** — Nuxt environment, has access to auto-imports, composables, plugins. For components and composables that depend on Nuxt.
- **`test/e2e/`** — Node environment, launches a full Nuxt server. For end-to-end testing.
**Important:** `@nuxt/test-utils/runtime` and `@nuxt/test-utils/e2e` cannot be used in the same file — they need different environments.
## Naming Convention for Mixed Setups
If using the simple (non-project) config, separate by file extension:
- `app.nuxt.spec.ts` — runs in Nuxt environment (uses `@nuxt/test-utils/runtime`)
- `app.e2e.spec.ts` — runs in Node environment (uses `@nuxt/test-utils/e2e`)
Or use per-file environment comments:
```ts
// @vitest-environment nuxt
```
## Environment Options
Configure in `vitest.config.ts`:
```ts
import { defineVitestConfig } from '@nuxt/test-utils/config'
export default defineVitestConfig({
test: {
environmentOptions: {
nuxt: {
domEnvironment: 'happy-dom', // or 'jsdom'
overrides: {
// Nuxt config overrides for testing
},
},
},
},
})
```

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---
name: nuxt-ui
description: Build UIs with @nuxt/ui v4 — 125+ accessible Vue components with Tailwind CSS theming. Use when creating interfaces, customizing themes to match a brand, building forms, or composing layouts like dashboards, docs sites, and chat interfaces.
---
# Nuxt UI
Vue component library built on [Reka UI](https://reka-ui.com/) + [Tailwind CSS](https://tailwindcss.com/) + [Tailwind Variants](https://www.tailwind-variants.org/). Works with Nuxt, Vue (Vite), Laravel (Inertia), and AdonisJS (Inertia).
## Installation
### Nuxt
```bash
pnpm add @nuxt/ui tailwindcss
```
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
modules: ['@nuxt/ui'],
css: ['~/assets/css/main.css']
})
```
```css
/* app/assets/css/main.css */
@import "tailwindcss";
@import "@nuxt/ui";
```
```vue
<!-- app.vue -->
<template>
<UApp>
<NuxtPage />
</UApp>
</template>
```
### Vue (Vite)
```bash
pnpm add @nuxt/ui tailwindcss
```
```ts
// vite.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from 'vite'
import vue from '@vitejs/plugin-vue'
import ui from '@nuxt/ui/vite'
export default defineConfig({
plugins: [
vue(),
ui()
]
})
```
```ts
// src/main.ts
import './assets/main.css'
import { createApp } from 'vue'
import { createRouter, createWebHistory } from 'vue-router'
import ui from '@nuxt/ui/vue-plugin'
import App from './App.vue'
const app = createApp(App)
const router = createRouter({
routes: [],
history: createWebHistory()
})
app.use(router)
app.use(ui)
app.mount('#app')
```
```css
/* assets/main.css */
@import "tailwindcss";
@import "@nuxt/ui";
```
```vue
<!-- src/App.vue -->
<template>
<UApp>
<RouterView />
</UApp>
</template>
```
> **Vue**: Add `class="isolate"` to your root `<div id="app">` in `index.html`.
> **Vue + Inertia**: Use `ui({ router: 'inertia' })` in `vite.config.ts`.
### UApp
Wrapping your app in `UApp` is **required** — it provides global config for toasts, tooltips, and programmatic overlays. It also accepts a `locale` prop for i18n (see [composables reference](references/composables.md)).
## Icons
Nuxt UI uses [Iconify](https://iconify.design/) for 200,000+ icons. In Nuxt, `@nuxt/icon` is auto-registered. In Vue, icons work out of the box via the Vite plugin.
### Naming convention
Icons use the format `i-{collection}-{name}`:
```vue
<UIcon name="i-lucide-sun" class="size-5" />
<UButton icon="i-lucide-plus" label="Add" />
<UAlert icon="i-lucide-info" title="Heads up" />
```
> Browse all icons at [icones.js.org](https://icones.js.org). The `lucide` collection is used throughout Nuxt UI defaults.
### Install icon collections locally
```bash
pnpm i @iconify-json/lucide
pnpm i @iconify-json/simple-icons
```
### Custom local collections (Nuxt)
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
icon: {
customCollections: [{
prefix: 'custom',
dir: './app/assets/icons'
}]
}
})
```
```vue
<UIcon name="i-custom-my-icon" />
```
## Theming & Branding
Nuxt UI ships with a default look. The goal is to adapt it to your brand so every app looks unique.
**Always use semantic utilities** (`text-default`, `bg-elevated`, `border-muted`), never raw Tailwind palette colors. See [references/theming.md](references/theming.md) for the full list.
### Colors
7 semantic colors (`primary`, `secondary`, `success`, `info`, `warning`, `error`, `neutral`) configurable at runtime:
```ts
// Nuxt — app.config.ts
export default defineAppConfig({
ui: { colors: { primary: 'indigo', neutral: 'zinc' } }
})
```
```ts
// Vue — vite.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from 'vite'
import vue from '@vitejs/plugin-vue'
import ui from '@nuxt/ui/vite'
export default defineConfig({
plugins: [
vue(),
ui({
ui: { colors: { primary: 'indigo', neutral: 'zinc' } }
})
]
})
```
### Customizing components
**Override priority** (highest wins): `ui` prop / `class` prop > global config > theme defaults.
The `ui` prop overrides a component's **slots** after variants are computed — it wins over everything:
```vue
<UButton :ui="{ base: 'rounded-none', trailingIcon: 'size-3 rotate-90' }" />
<UCard :ui="{ header: 'bg-muted', body: 'p-8' }" />
```
**Read the generated theme file** to find slot names for any component:
- **Nuxt**: `.nuxt/ui/<component>.ts`
- **Vue**: `node_modules/.nuxt-ui/ui/<component>.ts`
> For CSS variables, custom colors, global config, compound variants, and a **full brand customization playbook**, see [references/theming.md](references/theming.md)
## Composables
```ts
// Notifications
const toast = useToast()
toast.add({ title: 'Saved', color: 'success', icon: 'i-lucide-check' })
// Programmatic overlays
const overlay = useOverlay()
const modal = overlay.create(MyModal)
const { result } = modal.open({ title: 'Confirm' })
await result
// Keyboard shortcuts
defineShortcuts({
meta_k: () => openSearch(),
escape: () => close()
})
```
> For full composable reference, see [references/composables.md](references/composables.md)
## Form validation
Uses Standard Schema — works with Zod, Valibot, Yup, or Joi.
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
import { z } from 'zod'
const schema = z.object({
email: z.string().email('Invalid email'),
password: z.string().min(8, 'Min 8 characters')
})
type Schema = z.output<typeof schema>
const state = reactive<Partial<Schema>>({ email: '', password: '' })
function onSubmit() {
// UForm validates before emitting @submit — state is valid here
}
</script>
<template>
<UForm :schema="schema" :state="state" @submit="onSubmit">
<UFormField name="email" label="Email" required>
<UInput v-model="state.email" type="email" />
</UFormField>
<UFormField name="password" label="Password" required>
<UInput v-model="state.password" type="password" />
</UFormField>
<UButton type="submit">Sign in</UButton>
</UForm>
</template>
```
> For all form components and validation patterns, see [references/components.md](references/components.md#form)
## Overlays
```vue
<!-- Modal -->
<UModal v-model:open="isOpen" title="Edit" description="Edit your profile">
<template #body>Content</template>
<template #footer>
<UButton variant="ghost" @click="isOpen = false">Cancel</UButton>
<UButton @click="save">Save</UButton>
</template>
</UModal>
<!-- Slideover (side panel) -->
<USlideover v-model:open="isOpen" title="Settings" side="right">
<template #body>Content</template>
</USlideover>
<!-- Dropdown menu (flat array) -->
<UDropdownMenu :items="[
{ label: 'Edit', icon: 'i-lucide-pencil' },
{ type: 'separator' },
{ label: 'Delete', icon: 'i-lucide-trash', color: 'error' }
]">
<UButton icon="i-lucide-ellipsis-vertical" variant="ghost" />
</UDropdownMenu>
<!-- Dropdown menu (nested array groups with automatic separators) -->
<UDropdownMenu :items="[
[{ label: 'Edit', icon: 'i-lucide-pencil' }, { label: 'Duplicate', icon: 'i-lucide-copy' }],
[{ label: 'Delete', icon: 'i-lucide-trash', color: 'error' }]
]">
<UButton icon="i-lucide-ellipsis-vertical" variant="ghost" />
</UDropdownMenu>
```
> For all overlay components, see [references/components.md](references/components.md#overlay)
## Layouts
Nuxt UI provides components to compose full page layouts. Load the reference matching your use case:
| Layout | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Page | Landing, blog, changelog, pricing — public-facing pages | [layouts/page.md](references/layouts/page.md) |
| Dashboard | Admin UI with resizable sidebar and panels | [layouts/dashboard.md](references/layouts/dashboard.md) |
| Docs | Documentation with sidebar nav and TOC | [layouts/docs.md](references/layouts/docs.md) |
| Chat | AI chat with messages and prompt | [layouts/chat.md](references/layouts/chat.md) |
| Editor | Rich text editor with toolbars | [layouts/editor.md](references/layouts/editor.md) |
## Templates
Official starter templates at [github.com/nuxt-ui-templates](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates):
| Template | Framework | GitHub |
|---|---|---|
| Starter | Nuxt | [nuxt-ui-templates/starter](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/starter) |
| Starter | Vue | [nuxt-ui-templates/starter-vue](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/starter-vue) |
| Dashboard | Nuxt | [nuxt-ui-templates/dashboard](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/dashboard) |
| Dashboard | Vue | [nuxt-ui-templates/dashboard-vue](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/dashboard-vue) |
| SaaS | Nuxt | [nuxt-ui-templates/saas](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/saas) |
| Landing | Nuxt | [nuxt-ui-templates/landing](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/landing) |
| Docs | Nuxt | [nuxt-ui-templates/docs](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/docs) |
| Portfolio | Nuxt | [nuxt-ui-templates/portfolio](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/portfolio) |
| Chat | Nuxt | [nuxt-ui-templates/chat](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/chat) |
| Editor | Nuxt | [nuxt-ui-templates/editor](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/editor) |
| Changelog | Nuxt | [nuxt-ui-templates/changelog](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/changelog) |
| Starter | Laravel | [nuxt-ui-templates/starter-laravel](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/starter-laravel) |
| Starter | AdonisJS | [nuxt-ui-templates/starter-adonis](https://github.com/nuxt-ui-templates/starter-adonis) |
> When starting a new project, clone the matching template instead of setting up from scratch.
## Additional references
Load based on your task — **do not load all at once**:
- [references/theming.md](references/theming.md) — CSS variables, custom colors, component theme overrides
- [references/components.md](references/components.md) — all 125+ components by category with props and usage
- [references/composables.md](references/composables.md) — useToast, useOverlay, defineShortcuts
- Generated theme files — all slots, variants, and default classes for any component (Nuxt: `.nuxt/ui/<component>.ts`, Vue: `node_modules/.nuxt-ui/ui/<component>.ts`)

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# Components
125+ Vue components powered by Tailwind CSS and Reka UI. For any component's theme slots, read the generated theme file (Nuxt: `.nuxt/ui/<component>.ts`, Vue: `node_modules/.nuxt-ui/ui/<component>.ts`).
## Layout
Core structural components for organizing your application's layout.
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `UApp` | **Required** root wrapper for toasts, tooltips, overlays |
| `UHeader` | Responsive header with mobile menu (`#title`, `#default`, `#right`, `#body`) |
| `UFooter` | Footer (`#left`, `#default`, `#right`, `#top`, `#bottom`) |
| `UFooterColumns` | Multi-column footer with link groups |
| `UMain` | Main content area (respects `--ui-header-height`) |
| `UContainer` | Centered max-width container (`--ui-container`) |
## Element
Essential UI building blocks.
| Component | Key props |
|---|---|
| `UButton` | `label`, `icon`, `color`, `variant`, `size`, `loading`, `disabled`, `to` |
| `UBadge` | `label`, `color`, `variant`, `size` |
| `UAvatar` | `src`, `alt`, `icon`, `text`, `size` |
| `UAvatarGroup` | `max`, `size` — wraps multiple `UAvatar` |
| `UIcon` | `name`, `size` |
| `UCard` | `variant` — slots: `#header`, `#default`, `#footer` |
| `UAlert` | `title`, `description`, `icon`, `color`, `variant`, `close` |
| `UBanner` | `title`, `icon`, `close` — sticky top banner |
| `UChip` | `color`, `size`, `position` — notification dot on children |
| `UKbd` | `value` — keyboard key display |
| `USeparator` | `label`, `icon`, `orientation`, `type` |
| `USkeleton` | `class` — loading placeholder |
| `UProgress` | `value`, `max`, `color`, `size` |
| `UCalendar` | `v-model`, `range` (boolean), `multiple` (boolean) |
| `UCollapsible` | `v-model:open` — animated expand/collapse |
| `UFieldGroup` | Groups form inputs horizontally/vertically |
## Form
Comprehensive form components for user input.
| Component | Key props |
|---|---|
| `UInput` | `v-model`, `type`, `placeholder`, `icon`, `loading` |
| `UTextarea` | `v-model`, `rows`, `autoresize`, `maxrows` |
| `USelect` | `v-model`, `items` (flat `T[]` or grouped `T[][]`), `placeholder` |
| `USelectMenu` | `v-model`, `items` (flat `T[]` or grouped `T[][]`), `searchable`, `multiple` |
| `UInputMenu` | `v-model`, `items` (flat `T[]` or grouped `T[][]`), `searchable` — autocomplete |
| `UInputNumber` | `v-model`, `min`, `max`, `step` |
| `UInputDate` | `v-model`, `range` (boolean for range selection), `locale` |
| `UInputTime` | `v-model`, `hour-cycle` (12/24), `granularity` |
| `UInputTags` | `v-model`, `max`, `placeholder` |
| `UPinInput` | `v-model`, `length`, `type`, `mask` |
| `UCheckbox` | `v-model`, `label`, `description` |
| `UCheckboxGroup` | `v-model`, `items`, `orientation` |
| `URadioGroup` | `v-model`, `items`, `orientation` |
| `USwitch` | `v-model`, `label`, `on-icon`, `off-icon` |
| `USlider` | `v-model`, `min`, `max`, `step` |
| `UColorPicker` | `v-model`, `format` (hex/rgb/hsl/cmyk/lab), `size` |
| `UFileUpload` | `v-model`, `accept`, `multiple`, `variant` (area/button) |
| `UForm` | `schema`, `state`, `@submit` — validation wrapper |
| `UFormField` | `name`, `label`, `description`, `hint`, `required` |
### Form validation
Uses Standard Schema — works with Zod, Valibot, Yup, or Joi.
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
import { z } from 'zod'
const schema = z.object({
email: z.string().email('Invalid email'),
password: z.string().min(8, 'Min 8 characters')
})
type Schema = z.output<typeof schema>
const state = reactive<Partial<Schema>>({ email: '', password: '' })
const form = ref()
async function onSubmit() {
await form.value.validate()
}
</script>
<template>
<UForm ref="form" :schema="schema" :state="state" @submit="onSubmit">
<UFormField name="email" label="Email" required>
<UInput v-model="state.email" type="email" />
</UFormField>
<UFormField name="password" label="Password" required>
<UInput v-model="state.password" type="password" />
</UFormField>
<UButton type="submit">Submit</UButton>
</UForm>
</template>
```
With Valibot:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
import * as v from 'valibot'
const schema = v.object({
email: v.pipe(v.string(), v.email('Invalid email')),
password: v.pipe(v.string(), v.minLength(8, 'Min 8 characters'))
})
</script>
```
### File upload
```vue
<script setup>
const files = ref<File[]>([])
</script>
<template>
<UFileUpload v-model="files" accept="image/*" multiple>
<template #actions="{ open }">
<UButton label="Upload" icon="i-lucide-upload" color="neutral" variant="outline" @click="open()" />
</template>
</UFileUpload>
</template>
```
## Data
Components for displaying and organizing data.
| Component | Key props |
|---|---|
| `UTable` | `data`, `columns`, `loading`, `sticky` |
| `UAccordion` | `items`, `type` (single/multiple), `collapsible` |
| `UCarousel` | `items`, `orientation`, `arrows`, `dots` |
| `UTimeline` | `items` — vertical timeline |
| `UTree` | `items` — hierarchical tree |
| `UUser` | `name`, `description`, `avatar` — user display |
| `UEmpty` | `icon`, `title`, `description` — empty state |
| `UMarquee` | `repeat`, `reverse`, `orientation`, `pauseOnHover` — infinite scroll |
| `UScrollArea` | Custom scrollbar wrapper |
## Navigation
Components for user navigation and wayfinding.
| Component | Key props |
|---|---|
| `UNavigationMenu` | `items` (flat `T[]` or grouped `T[][]`), `orientation` (horizontal/vertical) |
| `UBreadcrumb` | `items` |
| `UTabs` | `items`, `orientation`, `variant` |
| `UStepper` | `items`, `orientation`, `color` |
| `UPagination` | `v-model`, `total`, `items-per-page` |
| `ULink` | `to`, `active`, `inactive` — styled NuxtLink |
| `UCommandPalette` | `v-model:open`, `groups` (`{ id, label, items }[]`), `placeholder` |
## Overlay
Floating UI elements that appear above the main content. **All require `<UApp>` wrapper.**
| Component | Key props |
|---|---|
| `UModal` | `v-model:open`, `title`, `description`, `fullscreen`, `scrollable` |
| `USlideover` | `v-model:open`, `title`, `side` (left/right/top/bottom) |
| `UDrawer` | `v-model:open`, `title`, `handle` |
| `UPopover` | `arrow`, `content: { side, align }`, `openDelay`, `closeDelay` |
| `UTooltip` | `text`, `content: { side }`, `delayDuration` |
| `UDropdownMenu` | `items` (flat `T[]` or grouped `T[][]` with separators, supports nested `children`) |
| `UContextMenu` | `items` (flat `T[]` or grouped `T[][]`) — right-click menu |
| `UToast` | Used via `useToast()` composable |
### Modal
```vue
<UModal v-model:open="isOpen" title="Edit" description="Edit your profile">
<template #body>Content</template>
<template #footer>
<UButton variant="ghost" @click="isOpen = false">Cancel</UButton>
<UButton @click="save">Save</UButton>
</template>
</UModal>
```
Slots: `#content`, `#header`, `#body`, `#footer`
### Slideover
```vue
<USlideover v-model:open="isOpen" title="Settings" side="right">
<template #body>Content</template>
</USlideover>
```
### Drawer
```vue
<UDrawer v-model:open="isOpen" title="Options" handle>
<template #body>Content</template>
</UDrawer>
```
### DropdownMenu
Items accept a flat array or a nested array (each sub-array is rendered as a group separated by dividers):
```vue
<!-- Flat array -->
<UDropdownMenu :items="[
{ label: 'Edit', icon: 'i-lucide-pencil', onSelect: () => edit() },
{ type: 'separator' },
{ label: 'Delete', icon: 'i-lucide-trash', color: 'error' }
]">
<UButton icon="i-lucide-ellipsis-vertical" variant="ghost" />
</UDropdownMenu>
<!-- Nested array (groups with automatic separators) -->
<UDropdownMenu :items="[
[{ label: 'Edit', icon: 'i-lucide-pencil' }, { label: 'Duplicate', icon: 'i-lucide-copy' }],
[{ label: 'Delete', icon: 'i-lucide-trash', color: 'error' }]
]">
<UButton icon="i-lucide-ellipsis-vertical" variant="ghost" />
</UDropdownMenu>
```
### Toast
```ts
const toast = useToast()
toast.add({
title: 'Success',
description: 'Changes saved',
color: 'success',
icon: 'i-lucide-check-circle',
duration: 5000,
actions: [{ label: 'Undo', onClick: () => undo() }]
})
```
### Programmatic overlays
```ts
const overlay = useOverlay()
// create() returns a reusable instance
const confirmDialog = overlay.create(ConfirmDialog)
// open() returns an object with .result (a Promise)
const { result } = confirmDialog.open({
title: 'Delete?',
message: 'This cannot be undone.'
})
if (await result) {
// User confirmed
}
// Inside the overlay component, emit close with a value:
// emit('close', true) or emit('close', false)
```
### CommandPalette
```vue
<script setup>
const groups = [{
id: 'actions',
label: 'Actions',
items: [
{ label: 'New file', icon: 'i-lucide-file-plus', onSelect: () => {} },
{ label: 'Settings', to: '/settings' }
]
}]
defineShortcuts({ meta_k: () => { isOpen.value = true } })
</script>
<UCommandPalette v-model:open="isOpen" :groups="groups" placeholder="Search..." />
```
## Page
Pre-built sections for marketing and content pages.
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `UPage` | Multi-column grid (`#left`, `#default`, `#right`) |
| `UPageAside` | Sticky sidebar wrapper (visible from `lg`) |
| `UPageHero` | Hero section with title, description, links, media |
| `UPageSection` | Content section with headline, features grid |
| `UPageCTA` | Call to action block |
| `UPageHeader` | Page title and description |
| `UPageBody` | Main content area with prose styling |
| `UPageFeature` | Individual feature item |
| `UPageGrid` | Grid layout for cards |
| `UPageColumns` | Multi-column layout |
| `UPageCard` | Content card for grids |
| `UPageLogos` | Logo wall |
| `UPageAnchors` | Anchor links (simpler TOC) |
| `UPageLinks` | Related resource links |
| `UPageList` | List items |
| `UBlogPosts` | Responsive grid of blog posts (`orientation`) |
| `UBlogPost` | Individual blog post card |
| `UChangelogVersions` | Changelog version list |
| `UChangelogVersion` | Individual changelog entry |
| `UPricingPlans` | Pricing plan cards |
| `UPricingTable` | Feature comparison table |
## Dashboard
Specialized components for admin interfaces with resizable panels and sidebars.
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `UDashboardGroup` | Root wrapper — manages sidebar state |
| `UDashboardSidebar` | Resizable/collapsible sidebar (`#header`, `#default`, `#footer`) |
| `UDashboardPanel` | Content panel (`#header`, `#body`, `#footer`) |
| `UDashboardNavbar` | Panel navbar (`#left`, `#default`, `#right`) |
| `UDashboardToolbar` | Toolbar for filters/actions |
| `UDashboardSearch` | Command palette for dashboards |
| `UDashboardSearchButton` | Search trigger button |
| `UDashboardSidebarToggle` | Mobile sidebar toggle |
| `UDashboardSidebarCollapse` | Desktop collapse button |
| `UDashboardResizeHandle` | Custom resize handle |
## Chat
Components for conversational AI interfaces, powered by [Vercel AI SDK](https://ai-sdk.dev/).
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `UChatMessages` | Scrollable message list with auto-scroll |
| `UChatMessage` | Individual message display |
| `UChatPrompt` | Enhanced textarea for prompts |
| `UChatPromptSubmit` | Submit button with status handling |
| `UChatPalette` | Chat layout for overlays |
## Editor
Rich text editor powered by [TipTap](https://tiptap.dev/).
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `UEditor` | Editor (`v-model`, `content-type`: json/html/markdown) |
| `UEditorToolbar` | Toolbar (`layout`: fixed/bubble/floating) |
| `UEditorDragHandle` | Block drag-and-drop |
| `UEditorSuggestionMenu` | Slash command menu |
| `UEditorMentionMenu` | @ mention menu |
| `UEditorEmojiMenu` | Emoji picker |
## Content
Components integrating with `@nuxt/content`.
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `UContentNavigation` | Sidebar navigation tree |
| `UContentToc` | Table of contents |
| `UContentSurround` | Prev/next links |
| `UContentSearch` | Search command palette |
| `UContentSearchButton` | Search trigger button |
## Color Mode
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `UColorModeButton` | Toggle light/dark button |
| `UColorModeSwitch` | Toggle light/dark switch |
| `UColorModeSelect` | Dropdown selector |
| `UColorModeAvatar` | Avatar with different src per mode |
| `UColorModeImage` | Image with different src per mode |

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# Composables
## useToast
Show notifications. Requires `<UApp>` wrapper.
```ts
const toast = useToast()
toast.add({
title: 'Success',
description: 'Item saved',
color: 'success', // primary, success, error, warning, info
icon: 'i-lucide-check-circle',
duration: 5000, // 0 = never dismiss
actions: [{ label: 'Undo', onClick: () => {} }]
})
toast.remove('toast-id')
toast.clear()
```
## useOverlay
Programmatically create modals, slideovers, drawers.
```ts
const overlay = useOverlay()
// create() returns a reusable instance with open(), close(), patch()
const modal = overlay.create(MyComponent)
// open() accepts props and returns an object with .result (a Promise)
const { result } = modal.open({ title: 'Confirm' })
if (await result) {
// User confirmed
}
// Inside the overlay component, emit close with a value:
// emit('close', true) or emit('close', false)
// You can also close from outside:
modal.close(false)
```
## defineShortcuts
Define keyboard shortcuts.
```ts
defineShortcuts({
meta_k: () => openSearch(), // Cmd+K (Mac) / Ctrl+K (Win)
meta_shift_p: () => openPalette(), // Cmd+Shift+P
escape: () => close(),
ctrl_s: () => save(),
// With condition
meta_enter: {
handler: () => submit(),
whenever: [isFormValid]
}
})
```
| Key | Meaning |
|---|---|
| `meta` | Cmd (Mac) / Ctrl (Windows) |
| `ctrl` | Ctrl key |
| `alt` | Alt / Option key |
| `shift` | Shift key |
| `_` | Key separator |
## defineLocale / extendLocale
i18n locale definition.
```ts
import { fr } from '@nuxt/ui/locale'
// Use a built-in locale (50+ available)
// <UApp :locale="fr">
// Define custom locale
const locale = defineLocale({
name: 'Español',
code: 'es',
dir: 'ltr',
messages: {
select: { placeholder: 'Seleccionar...' }
}
})
// Extend existing locale
import { en } from '@nuxt/ui/locale'
const customEn = extendLocale(en, {
messages: { commandPalette: { placeholder: 'Search a component...' } }
})
```
```vue
<UApp :locale="fr"><NuxtPage /></UApp>
```
## extractShortcuts
Extract shortcut keys from a list of items (e.g., dropdown menu items) into a shortcuts map for `defineShortcuts`.
```ts
const items = [
{ label: 'New file', kbds: ['meta', 'n'], onSelect: () => newFile() },
{ label: 'Save', kbds: ['meta', 's'], onSelect: () => save() }
]
defineShortcuts(extractShortcuts(items))
```
## Quick reference
| Composable | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `useToast` | Show notifications |
| `useOverlay` | Programmatic modals/slideovers |
| `defineShortcuts` | Keyboard shortcuts |
| `defineLocale` / `extendLocale` | i18n locale |
| `extractShortcuts` | Parse shortcut definitions |

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# Chat Layout
Build AI chat interfaces with message streams, reasoning, tool calling, and Vercel AI SDK integration.
## Component tree
```
UApp
└── NuxtLayout (dashboard)
└── UDashboardGroup
├── UDashboardSidebar (conversations)
└── NuxtPage
└── UDashboardPanel
├── #header → UDashboardNavbar
├── #body → UContainer → UChatMessages
│ ├── #content → UChatReasoning, UChatTool, MDC
│ └── #indicator (loading)
└── #footer → UContainer → UChatPrompt
└── UChatPromptSubmit
```
## Setup
### Install AI SDK
```bash
pnpm add ai @ai-sdk/gateway @ai-sdk/vue
```
### Server endpoint
```ts [server/api/chat.post.ts]
import { streamText, convertToModelMessages } from 'ai'
import { gateway } from '@ai-sdk/gateway'
export default defineEventHandler(async (event) => {
const { messages } = await readBody(event)
return streamText({
model: gateway('anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6'),
system: 'You are a helpful assistant.',
messages: await convertToModelMessages(messages)
}).toUIMessageStreamResponse()
})
```
## Full page chat
```vue [pages/chat/[id].vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
import { isReasoningUIPart, isTextUIPart, isToolUIPart, getToolName } from 'ai'
import { Chat } from '@ai-sdk/vue'
import { isPartStreaming, isToolStreaming } from '@nuxt/ui/utils/ai'
definePageMeta({ layout: 'dashboard' })
const input = ref('')
const chat = new Chat({
onError(error) {
console.error(error)
}
})
function onSubmit() {
if (!input.value.trim()) return
chat.sendMessage({ text: input.value })
input.value = ''
}
</script>
<template>
<UDashboardPanel>
<template #header>
<UDashboardNavbar title="Chat" />
</template>
<template #body>
<UContainer>
<UChatMessages :messages="chat.messages" :status="chat.status">
<template #content="{ message }">
<template v-for="(part, index) in message.parts" :key="`${message.id}-${part.type}-${index}`">
<UChatReasoning
v-if="isReasoningUIPart(part)"
:text="part.text"
:streaming="isPartStreaming(part)"
>
<MDC
:value="part.text"
:cache-key="`reasoning-${message.id}-${index}`"
class="*:first:mt-0 *:last:mb-0"
/>
</UChatReasoning>
<UChatTool
v-else-if="isToolUIPart(part)"
:text="getToolName(part)"
:streaming="isToolStreaming(part)"
/>
<template v-else-if="isTextUIPart(part)">
<MDC
v-if="message.role === 'assistant'"
:value="part.text"
:cache-key="`${message.id}-${index}`"
class="*:first:mt-0 *:last:mb-0"
/>
<p v-else-if="message.role === 'user'" class="whitespace-pre-wrap">
{{ part.text }}
</p>
</template>
</template>
</template>
</UChatMessages>
</UContainer>
</template>
<template #footer>
<UContainer class="pb-4 sm:pb-6">
<UChatPrompt v-model="input" :error="chat.error" @submit="onSubmit">
<UChatPromptSubmit :status="chat.status" @stop="chat.stop()" @reload="chat.regenerate()" />
</UChatPrompt>
</UContainer>
</template>
</UDashboardPanel>
</template>
```
## Key components
### ChatMessages
Scrollable message list with auto-scroll and loading indicator.
| Prop | Description |
|---|---|
| `messages` | Array of AI SDK messages |
| `status` | `'submitted'`, `'streaming'`, `'ready'`, `'error'` |
Slots: `#content` (receives `{ message }`), `#actions` (per-message), `#indicator` (loading)
### ChatMessage
Individual message bubble with avatar, actions, and slots.
| Prop | Description |
|---|---|
| `message` | AI SDK UIMessage object |
| `side` | `'left'` (default), `'right'` |
### ChatReasoning
Collapsible block for AI reasoning / thinking process. Auto-opens during streaming, auto-closes when done.
| Prop | Description |
|---|---|
| `text` | Reasoning text (displayed inside collapsible content) |
| `streaming` | Whether reasoning is actively streaming |
| `open` | Controlled open state |
Use `isPartStreaming(part)` from `@nuxt/ui/utils/ai` to determine streaming state.
### ChatTool
Collapsible block for AI tool invocation status.
| Prop | Description |
|---|---|
| `text` | Tool status text (displayed in trigger) |
| `icon` | Icon name |
| `loading` | Show loading spinner on icon |
| `streaming` | Whether tool is actively running |
| `suffix` | Secondary text after label |
| `variant` | `'inline'` (default), `'card'` |
| `chevron` | `'trailing'` (default), `'leading'` |
Use `isToolStreaming(part)` from `@nuxt/ui/utils/ai` to determine if a tool is still running.
### ChatShimmer
Text shimmer animation for streaming states. Automatically used by ChatReasoning and ChatTool when streaming.
### ChatPrompt
Enhanced textarea form for prompts. Accepts all Textarea props.
| Prop | Description |
|---|---|
| `v-model` | Input text binding |
| `error` | Error from chat instance |
| `variant` | `'outline'` (default), `'subtle'`, `'soft'`, `'ghost'`, `'none'` |
Slots: `#default` (submit button), `#footer` (below input, e.g. model selector)
### ChatPromptSubmit
Submit button with automatic status handling (send/stop/reload).
### ChatPalette
Layout wrapper for chat inside overlays (Modal, Slideover, Drawer).
## Chat in a modal
```vue
<UModal v-model:open="isOpen">
<template #content>
<UChatPalette>
<UChatMessages :messages="chat.messages" :status="chat.status" />
<template #prompt>
<UChatPrompt v-model="input" @submit="onSubmit">
<UChatPromptSubmit :status="chat.status" />
</UChatPrompt>
</template>
</UChatPalette>
</template>
</UModal>
```
## With model selector
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const input = ref('')
const model = ref('claude-opus-4.6')
const models = [
{ label: 'Claude Opus 4.6', value: 'claude-opus-4.6', icon: 'i-simple-icons-anthropic' },
{ label: 'Gemini 3 Pro', value: 'gemini-3-pro', icon: 'i-simple-icons-googlegemini' },
{ label: 'GPT-5', value: 'gpt-5', icon: 'i-simple-icons-openai' }
]
</script>
<template>
<UChatPrompt v-model="input" @submit="onSubmit">
<UChatPromptSubmit :status="chat.status" />
<template #footer>
<USelect
v-model="model"
:icon="models.find(m => m.value === model)?.icon"
placeholder="Select a model"
variant="ghost"
:items="models"
/>
</template>
</UChatPrompt>
</template>
```
## Conversation sidebar
```vue [layouts/dashboard.vue]
<template>
<UDashboardGroup>
<UDashboardSidebar collapsible resizable>
<template #header>
<UButton icon="i-lucide-plus" label="New chat" block />
</template>
<template #default>
<UNavigationMenu :items="conversations" orientation="vertical" />
</template>
</UDashboardSidebar>
<slot />
</UDashboardGroup>
</template>
```

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# Dashboard Layout
Build admin interfaces with resizable sidebars, multi-panel layouts, and toolbars.
## Component tree
```
UApp
└── NuxtLayout (dashboard)
└── UDashboardGroup
├── UDashboardSidebar
│ ├── #header (logo, search button)
│ ├── #default (navigation) — receives { collapsed } slot prop
│ └── #footer (user menu)
└── NuxtPage
└── UDashboardPanel
├── #header → UDashboardNavbar + UDashboardToolbar
├── #body (scrollable content)
└── #footer (optional)
```
## Layout
```vue [layouts/dashboard.vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
import type { NavigationMenuItem } from '@nuxt/ui'
const items = computed<NavigationMenuItem[]>(() => [{
label: 'Home',
icon: 'i-lucide-house',
to: '/dashboard'
}, {
label: 'Inbox',
icon: 'i-lucide-inbox',
to: '/dashboard/inbox'
}, {
label: 'Users',
icon: 'i-lucide-users',
to: '/dashboard/users'
}, {
label: 'Settings',
icon: 'i-lucide-settings',
to: '/dashboard/settings'
}])
</script>
<template>
<UDashboardGroup>
<UDashboardSidebar collapsible resizable>
<template #header="{ collapsed }">
<UDashboardSearchButton :collapsed="collapsed" />
</template>
<template #default="{ collapsed }">
<UNavigationMenu
:items="items"
orientation="vertical"
:ui="{ link: collapsed ? 'justify-center' : undefined }"
/>
</template>
<template #footer="{ collapsed }">
<UButton
:icon="collapsed ? 'i-lucide-log-out' : undefined"
:label="collapsed ? undefined : 'Sign out'"
color="neutral"
variant="ghost"
block
/>
</template>
</UDashboardSidebar>
<slot />
</UDashboardGroup>
</template>
```
## Page
```vue [pages/dashboard/index.vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
definePageMeta({ layout: 'dashboard' })
</script>
<template>
<UDashboardPanel>
<template #header>
<UDashboardNavbar title="Home">
<template #right>
<UButton icon="i-lucide-plus" label="New" />
</template>
</UDashboardNavbar>
</template>
<template #body>
<!-- Page content -->
</template>
</UDashboardPanel>
</template>
```
## Key components
### DashboardGroup
Root layout wrapper. Manages sidebar state and persistence.
| Prop | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
| `storage` | `'cookie'` | State persistence: `'cookie'`, `'localStorage'`, `false` |
| `storage-key` | `'dashboard'` | Storage key name |
| `unit` | `'percentages'` | Size unit: `'percentages'` or `'pixels'` |
### DashboardSidebar
Resizable, collapsible sidebar. Must be inside `DashboardGroup`.
| Prop | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
| `resizable` | `false` | Enable resize by dragging |
| `collapsible` | `false` | Enable collapse when dragged to edge |
| `side` | `'left'` | `'left'` or `'right'` |
| `mode` | `'slideover'` | Mobile menu mode: `'modal'`, `'slideover'`, `'drawer'` |
Slots receive `{ collapsed }` prop. Control state: `v-model:collapsed`, `v-model:open` (mobile).
### DashboardPanel
Content panel with `#header`, `#body` (scrollable), `#footer`, and `#default` (raw) slots.
| Prop | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
| `id` | `` | Unique ID (required for multi-panel) |
| `resizable` | `false` | Enable resize by dragging |
### DashboardNavbar / DashboardToolbar
Navbar has `#left`, `#default`, `#right` slots and a `title` prop. Toolbar has the same slots for filters/actions below the navbar.
## Multi-panel (list-detail)
```vue [pages/dashboard/inbox.vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
definePageMeta({ layout: 'dashboard' })
</script>
<template>
<UDashboardPanel id="inbox-list" resizable>
<template #header>
<UDashboardNavbar title="Inbox" />
</template>
<template #body>
<!-- Email list -->
</template>
</UDashboardPanel>
<UDashboardPanel id="inbox-detail" class="hidden lg:flex">
<template #header>
<UDashboardNavbar title="Message" />
</template>
<template #body>
<!-- Email content -->
</template>
</UDashboardPanel>
</template>
```
## With toolbar
```vue
<UDashboardPanel>
<template #header>
<UDashboardNavbar title="Users" />
<UDashboardToolbar>
<template #left>
<UInput icon="i-lucide-search" placeholder="Search..." />
</template>
<template #right>
<USelect :items="['All', 'Active', 'Inactive']" />
</template>
</UDashboardToolbar>
</template>
</UDashboardPanel>
```
## With search
```vue [layouts/dashboard.vue]
<template>
<UDashboardGroup>
<UDashboardSidebar>
<template #header>
<UDashboardSearchButton />
</template>
<!-- ... -->
</UDashboardSidebar>
<slot />
<UDashboardSearch :groups="searchGroups" />
</UDashboardGroup>
</template>
```
## Right sidebar
```vue
<UDashboardGroup>
<UDashboardSidebar collapsible resizable>
<!-- Left sidebar -->
</UDashboardSidebar>
<slot />
<UDashboardSidebar side="right" resizable>
<!-- Right sidebar -->
</UDashboardSidebar>
</UDashboardGroup>
```

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@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
# Docs Layout
Build documentation sites with sidebar navigation, table of contents, and surround links.
> Requires `@nuxt/content` module for navigation, search, and TOC.
## Component tree
```
UApp
├── UHeader
├── UMain
│ └── NuxtLayout (docs)
│ └── UPage
│ ├── #left → UPageAside → UContentNavigation
│ └── NuxtPage
│ ├── UPageHeader
│ ├── UPageBody → ContentRenderer + UContentSurround
│ └── #right → UContentToc
└── UFooter
```
## App shell
```vue [app.vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
import type { NavigationMenuItem } from '@nuxt/ui'
const route = useRoute()
const { data: navigation } = await useAsyncData('navigation', () => queryCollectionNavigation('docs'))
provide('navigation', navigation)
const items = computed<NavigationMenuItem[]>(() => [{
label: 'Docs',
to: '/docs/getting-started',
active: route.path.startsWith('/docs')
}])
</script>
<template>
<UApp>
<UHeader>
<template #title>
<Logo class="h-6 w-auto" />
</template>
<UNavigationMenu :items="items" />
<template #right>
<UContentSearchButton />
<UColorModeButton />
</template>
</UHeader>
<UMain>
<NuxtLayout>
<NuxtPage />
</NuxtLayout>
</UMain>
<UFooter />
<UContentSearch :navigation="navigation" />
</UApp>
</template>
```
## Layout
```vue [layouts/docs.vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
import type { ContentNavigationItem } from '@nuxt/content'
const navigation = inject<Ref<ContentNavigationItem[]>>('navigation')
</script>
<template>
<UPage>
<template #left>
<UPageAside>
<UContentNavigation :navigation="navigation" />
</UPageAside>
</template>
<slot />
</UPage>
</template>
```
## Page
```vue [pages/docs/[...slug].vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
const route = useRoute()
definePageMeta({ layout: 'docs' })
const { data: page } = await useAsyncData(route.path, () => {
return queryCollection('docs').path(route.path).first()
})
const { data: surround } = await useAsyncData(`${route.path}-surround`, () => {
return queryCollectionItemSurroundings('docs', route.path)
})
</script>
<template>
<UPage>
<UPageHeader :title="page.title" :description="page.description" />
<UPageBody>
<ContentRenderer :value="page" />
<USeparator />
<UContentSurround :surround="surround" />
</UPageBody>
<template #right>
<UContentToc :links="page.body.toc.links" />
</template>
</UPage>
</template>
```
> The outer `UPage` in the layout handles the left sidebar. The inner `UPage` in the page handles the right sidebar. They nest correctly.
## Key components
- `UPage` — Multi-column grid layout with `#left`, `#default`, `#right` slots
- `UPageAside` — Sticky sidebar wrapper (visible from `lg` breakpoint)
- `UPageHeader` — Page title and description
- `UPageBody` — Main content area
- `UContentNavigation` — Sidebar navigation tree
- `UContentToc` — Table of contents
- `UContentSurround` — Prev/next links
- `UContentSearch` / `UContentSearchButton` — Search command palette
- `UPageAnchors` — Simpler alternative to full TOC
- `UPageLinks` — Related resource links

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# Editor Layout
Build a rich text editor with toolbars, slash commands, mentions, and drag-and-drop.
## Component tree
```
UApp
├── UHeader
├── UMain
│ └── NuxtPage
│ └── UContainer
│ └── UEditor
│ ├── UEditorToolbar (fixed / bubble / floating)
│ ├── UEditorDragHandle
│ ├── UEditorSuggestionMenu
│ ├── UEditorMentionMenu
│ └── UEditorEmojiMenu
└── UFooter
```
## Page
```vue [pages/editor.vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
const content = ref({
type: 'doc',
content: [
{
type: 'heading',
attrs: { level: 1 },
content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Hello World' }]
},
{
type: 'paragraph',
content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Start writing...' }]
}
]
})
</script>
<template>
<UPage>
<UPageHeader title="Editor">
<template #actions>
<UButton label="Save" icon="i-lucide-save" />
</template>
</UPageHeader>
<UPageBody>
<UEditor v-slot="{ editor }" v-model="content">
<UEditorToolbar :editor="editor" />
<UEditorSuggestionMenu :editor="editor" />
<UEditorMentionMenu
:editor="editor"
:items="[
{ label: 'Benjamin', avatar: { src: 'https://github.com/benjamincanac.png' } },
{ label: 'Sébastien', avatar: { src: 'https://github.com/atinux.png' } }
]"
/>
<UEditorEmojiMenu :editor="editor" />
<UEditorDragHandle :editor="editor" />
</UEditor>
</UPageBody>
</UPage>
</template>
```
> If you encounter prosemirror-related errors, add prosemirror packages to `vite.optimizeDeps.include` in `nuxt.config.ts`.
## Key components
- `UEditor` — Rich text editor (`v-model` accepts JSON, HTML, or markdown via `content-type` prop)
- `UEditorToolbar` — Toolbar with `layout`: `'fixed'` (default), `'bubble'` (on selection), `'floating'` (on empty lines)
- `UEditorDragHandle` — Block drag-and-drop handle
- `UEditorSuggestionMenu` — Slash command menu
- `UEditorMentionMenu` — @ mention menu
- `UEditorEmojiMenu` — Emoji picker
## Toolbar modes
```vue
<!-- Fixed (default) -->
<UEditor v-model="content">
<UEditorToolbar />
</UEditor>
<!-- Bubble (appears on text selection) -->
<UEditor v-model="content">
<UEditorToolbar layout="bubble" />
</UEditor>
<!-- Floating (appears on empty lines) -->
<UEditor v-model="content">
<UEditorToolbar layout="floating" />
</UEditor>
```
## Content types
```vue
<!-- JSON (default) -->
<UEditor v-model="jsonContent" />
<!-- HTML -->
<UEditor v-model="htmlContent" content-type="html" />
<!-- Markdown -->
<UEditor v-model="markdownContent" content-type="markdown" />
```
## With document sidebar
Combine with Dashboard components for a multi-document editor with a sidebar.
```vue [layouts/editor.vue]
<template>
<UDashboardGroup>
<UDashboardSidebar collapsible resizable>
<template #header>
<UButton icon="i-lucide-plus" label="New document" block />
</template>
<template #default>
<UNavigationMenu
:items="documents.map(doc => ({
label: doc.title,
to: `/editor/${doc.id}`,
icon: 'i-lucide-file-text'
}))"
orientation="vertical"
/>
</template>
</UDashboardSidebar>
<slot />
</UDashboardGroup>
</template>
```
```vue [pages/editor/[id].vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
definePageMeta({ layout: 'editor' })
const content = ref({ type: 'doc', content: [] })
</script>
<template>
<UDashboardPanel>
<template #header>
<UDashboardNavbar title="Editor">
<template #right>
<UButton label="Save" icon="i-lucide-save" />
</template>
</UDashboardNavbar>
</template>
<UContainer class="py-8">
<UEditor v-slot="{ editor }" v-model="content">
<UEditorToolbar :editor="editor" />
<UEditorSuggestionMenu :editor="editor" />
<UEditorEmojiMenu :editor="editor" />
<UEditorDragHandle :editor="editor" />
</UEditor>
</UContainer>
</UDashboardPanel>
</template>
```

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@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
# Page Layout
Build public-facing pages — landing, blog, changelog, pricing — using the Header + Main + Footer shell with Page components.
## App shell
```vue [app.vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
import type { NavigationMenuItem } from '@nuxt/ui'
const items = computed<NavigationMenuItem[]>(() => [{
label: 'Features',
to: '#features'
}, {
label: 'Pricing',
to: '/pricing'
}, {
label: 'Blog',
to: '/blog'
}])
</script>
<template>
<UApp>
<UHeader>
<template #title>
<Logo class="h-6 w-auto" />
</template>
<UNavigationMenu :items="items" />
<template #right>
<UColorModeButton />
<UButton label="Sign in" color="neutral" variant="ghost" />
<UButton label="Get started" />
</template>
<template #body>
<UNavigationMenu :items="items" orientation="vertical" class="-mx-2.5" />
</template>
</UHeader>
<UMain>
<NuxtPage />
</UMain>
<UFooter>
<template #left>
<p class="text-muted text-sm">Copyright © {{ new Date().getFullYear() }}</p>
</template>
<template #right>
<UButton icon="i-simple-icons-github" color="neutral" variant="ghost" to="https://github.com" target="_blank" />
</template>
</UFooter>
</UApp>
</template>
```
## Landing page
```vue [pages/index.vue]
<template>
<UPageHero
title="Build faster with Nuxt UI"
description="A comprehensive Vue UI component library."
:links="[
{ label: 'Get started', to: '/docs', icon: 'i-lucide-square-play' },
{ label: 'Learn more', color: 'neutral', variant: 'subtle', trailingIcon: 'i-lucide-arrow-right' }
]"
orientation="horizontal"
>
<img src="/hero-image.png" alt="App screenshot" class="rounded-lg shadow-2xl ring ring-default" />
</UPageHero>
<UPageSection
id="features"
headline="Features"
title="Everything you need"
description="A comprehensive suite of components and utilities."
:features="[
{ title: 'Accessible', description: 'Built on Reka UI with full ARIA support.', icon: 'i-lucide-accessibility' },
{ title: 'Customizable', description: 'Tailwind Variants theming with full control.', icon: 'i-lucide-palette' },
{ title: 'Responsive', description: 'Mobile-first components.', icon: 'i-lucide-monitor-smartphone' }
]"
/>
<UPageCTA
title="Trusted by thousands of developers"
description="Join the community and start building today."
:links="[
{ label: 'Get started', color: 'neutral' },
{ label: 'Star on GitHub', color: 'neutral', variant: 'subtle', trailingIcon: 'i-lucide-arrow-right' }
]"
/>
<UPageSection id="pricing" headline="Pricing" title="Simple, transparent pricing">
<UPricingPlans
:plans="[
{ title: 'Free', price: '$0', description: 'For personal projects', features: ['10 components', 'Community support'] },
{ title: 'Pro', price: '$99', description: 'For teams', features: ['All components', 'Priority support'], highlight: true },
{ title: 'Enterprise', price: 'Custom', description: 'For large teams', features: ['Custom components', 'Dedicated support'] }
]"
/>
</UPageSection>
</template>
```
## Blog listing
```vue [pages/blog/index.vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data: posts } = await useAsyncData('posts', () => queryCollection('posts').all())
</script>
<template>
<UPage>
<UPageHero title="Blog" description="The latest news and updates from our team." />
<UPageBody>
<UContainer>
<UBlogPosts>
<UBlogPost
v-for="(post, index) in posts"
:key="index"
v-bind="post"
:to="post.path"
/>
</UBlogPosts>
</UContainer>
</UPageBody>
</UPage>
</template>
```
## Blog article
```vue [pages/blog/[slug].vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
const route = useRoute()
const { data: post } = await useAsyncData(route.path, () => {
return queryCollection('posts').path(route.path).first()
})
</script>
<template>
<UPage>
<UPageHeader :title="post.title" :description="post.description" />
<UPageBody>
<ContentRenderer :value="post" />
</UPageBody>
<template #right>
<UContentToc :links="post.body.toc.links" />
</template>
</UPage>
</template>
```
## Changelog
```vue [pages/changelog.vue]
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data: versions } = await useAsyncData('versions', () => queryCollection('changelog').all())
</script>
<template>
<UPage>
<UPageHero title="Changelog" />
<UPageBody>
<UContainer>
<UChangelogVersions>
<UChangelogVersion v-for="(version, index) in versions" :key="index" v-bind="version" />
</UChangelogVersions>
</UContainer>
</UPageBody>
</UPage>
</template>
```
## Key components
### Page sections
- `UPageHero` — Hero with title, description, links, and optional media (`orientation`: horizontal/vertical)
- `UPageSection` — Content section with headline, title, description, and `features` grid
- `UPageCTA` — Call to action block
- `UPageHeader` — Page title and description
- `UPageBody` — Main content area with prose styling
### Grids & cards
- `UPageGrid` / `UPageColumns` — Grid layouts
- `UPageCard` — Content card for grids
- `UPageFeature` — Individual feature item
- `UPageLogos` — Logo wall
### Blog & changelog
- `UBlogPosts` — Responsive grid of posts (`orientation`: horizontal/vertical)
- `UBlogPost` — Individual post card
- `UChangelogVersions` / `UChangelogVersion` — Changelog entries
### Pricing
- `UPricingPlans` — Pricing plan cards
- `UPricingTable` — Feature comparison table
### Footer
- `UFooterColumns` — Multi-column footer with link groups
## Variations
### Alternating sections
```vue
<UPageSection title="Feature A" orientation="horizontal">
<img src="/feature-a.png" />
</UPageSection>
<UPageSection title="Feature B" orientation="horizontal" reverse>
<img src="/feature-b.png" />
</UPageSection>
```
### Feature grid
```vue
<UPageSection headline="Features" title="Why choose us">
<UPageGrid>
<UPageCard v-for="feature in features" :key="feature.title" v-bind="feature" />
</UPageGrid>
</UPageSection>
```
### Blog with sidebar
```vue [layouts/blog.vue]
<template>
<UPage>
<template #left>
<UPageAside>
<UNavigationMenu
:items="[
{ label: 'All posts', to: '/blog', icon: 'i-lucide-newspaper' },
{ label: 'Tutorials', to: '/blog/tutorials', icon: 'i-lucide-graduation-cap' },
{ label: 'Announcements', to: '/blog/announcements', icon: 'i-lucide-megaphone' }
]"
orientation="vertical"
/>
</UPageAside>
</template>
<slot />
</UPage>
</template>
```

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# Theming
## Semantic colors
| Color | Default | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| `primary` | green | CTAs, active states, brand |
| `secondary` | blue | Secondary actions |
| `success` | green | Success messages |
| `info` | blue | Informational |
| `warning` | yellow | Warnings |
| `error` | red | Errors, destructive actions |
| `neutral` | slate | Text, borders, disabled |
## Configuring colors
```ts
// Nuxt — app.config.ts
export default defineAppConfig({
ui: {
colors: {
primary: 'indigo',
secondary: 'violet',
success: 'emerald',
error: 'rose',
neutral: 'zinc'
}
}
})
```
```ts
// Vue — vite.config.ts
ui({
ui: {
colors: { primary: 'indigo', secondary: 'violet', neutral: 'zinc' }
}
})
```
You can only use colors that exist in your theme — either [Tailwind's default colors](https://tailwindcss.com/docs/colors) or custom colors defined with `@theme`.
## Adding custom colors
1. Define all 11 shades in CSS:
```css
/* assets/css/main.css */
@theme static {
--color-brand-50: #fef2f2;
--color-brand-100: #fee2e2;
--color-brand-200: #fecaca;
--color-brand-300: #fca5a5;
--color-brand-400: #f87171;
--color-brand-500: #ef4444;
--color-brand-600: #dc2626;
--color-brand-700: #b91c1c;
--color-brand-800: #991b1b;
--color-brand-900: #7f1d1d;
--color-brand-950: #450a0a;
}
```
2. Assign it as a semantic color value: `ui: { colors: { primary: 'brand' } }`
You can only use colors that have all shades defined — either from Tailwind's defaults or custom `@theme` definitions.
### Extending with new semantic color names
If you need a new semantic color beyond the defaults (e.g., `tertiary`), register it in `theme.colors`:
```ts
// Nuxt — nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
ui: {
theme: {
colors: ['primary', 'secondary', 'tertiary', 'info', 'success', 'warning', 'error']
}
}
})
```
```ts
// Vue — vite.config.ts
ui({
theme: {
colors: ['primary', 'secondary', 'tertiary', 'info', 'success', 'warning', 'error']
}
})
```
Then assign it: `ui: { colors: { tertiary: 'indigo' } }` and use it via the `color` prop: `<UButton color="tertiary">`.
## CSS utilities
### Text
| Class | Use | Light value | Dark value |
|---|---|---|---|
| `text-default` | Body text | `neutral-700` | `neutral-200` |
| `text-muted` | Secondary text | `neutral-500` | `neutral-400` |
| `text-dimmed` | Placeholders, hints | `neutral-400` | `neutral-500` |
| `text-toned` | Subtitles | `neutral-600` | `neutral-300` |
| `text-highlighted` | Headings, emphasis | `neutral-900` | `white` |
| `text-inverted` | On dark/light backgrounds | `white` | `neutral-900` |
### Background
| Class | Use | Light value | Dark value |
|---|---|---|---|
| `bg-default` | Page background | `white` | `neutral-900` |
| `bg-muted` | Subtle sections | `neutral-50` | `neutral-800` |
| `bg-elevated` | Cards, modals | `neutral-100` | `neutral-800` |
| `bg-accented` | Hover states | `neutral-200` | `neutral-700` |
| `bg-inverted` | Inverted sections | `neutral-900` | `white` |
### Border
| Class | Use | Light value | Dark value |
|---|---|---|---|
| `border-default` | Default borders | `neutral-200` | `neutral-800` |
| `border-muted` | Subtle borders | `neutral-200` | `neutral-700` |
| `border-accented` | Emphasized borders | `neutral-300` | `neutral-700` |
| `border-inverted` | Inverted borders | `neutral-900` | `white` |
### Semantic color utilities
Each semantic color (`primary`, `secondary`, `success`, `info`, `warning`, `error`) is available as a Tailwind utility: `text-primary`, `bg-primary`, `border-primary`, `ring-primary`, etc.
They resolve to shade **500** in light mode and shade **400** in dark mode (via `--ui-<color>` CSS variables). This is generated at runtime by the colors plugin — you don't need to write dark-mode variants manually.
To adjust which shade is used, override `--ui-primary` (or any semantic color) in your `main.css`:
```css
:root { --ui-primary: var(--ui-color-primary-600); }
.dark { --ui-primary: var(--ui-color-primary-300); }
```
### CSS variables
All customizable in `main.css`:
```css
:root {
--ui-radius: 0.25rem; /* base radius for all components */
--ui-container: 80rem; /* UContainer max-width */
--ui-header-height: 4rem; /* UHeader height */
--ui-primary: var(--ui-color-primary-500); /* adjust shade used */
}
.dark {
--ui-primary: var(--ui-color-primary-400);
}
```
### Solid colors (black/white)
```css
:root { --ui-primary: black; }
.dark { --ui-primary: white; }
```
## Component theme customization
### How it works
Components are styled with [Tailwind Variants](https://www.tailwind-variants.org/). The theme defines:
- **`slots`** — named style targets (e.g., `root`, `base`, `label`, `leadingIcon`)
- **`variants`** — styles applied based on props (e.g., `color`, `variant`, `size`)
- **`compoundVariants`** — styles for specific prop combinations (e.g., `color: 'primary'` + `variant: 'outline'`)
- **`defaultVariants`** — default prop values when none are specified
### Override priority
**`ui` prop / `class` prop > global config > theme defaults**
The `ui` prop overrides slots **after** variants are computed. If the `size: 'md'` variant applies `size-5` to `trailingIcon`, and you set `:ui="{ trailingIcon: 'size-3' }"`, the `size-3` wins.
Tailwind Variants uses [tailwind-merge](https://github.com/dcastil/tailwind-merge) under the hood so conflicting classes are resolved automatically.
### Understanding the generated theme
Every component's full resolved theme is generated at build time. Always read this file before customizing a component — it shows exactly what classes are applied where.
- **Nuxt**: `.nuxt/ui/<component>.ts`
- **Vue**: `node_modules/.nuxt-ui/ui/<component>.ts`
For example, the card theme:
```ts
{
slots: {
root: "rounded-lg overflow-hidden",
header: "p-4 sm:px-6",
body: "p-4 sm:p-6",
footer: "p-4 sm:px-6"
},
variants: {
variant: {
outline: { root: "bg-default ring ring-default divide-y divide-default" },
soft: { root: "bg-elevated/50 divide-y divide-default" }
}
},
defaultVariants: { variant: "outline" }
}
```
### Global config
Override the theme for all instances of a component:
```ts
// Nuxt — app.config.ts
export default defineAppConfig({
ui: {
button: {
slots: {
base: 'font-bold rounded-full'
},
variants: {
size: {
md: { leadingIcon: 'size-4' }
}
},
compoundVariants: [{
color: 'neutral',
variant: 'outline',
class: { base: 'ring-2' }
}],
defaultVariants: {
color: 'neutral',
variant: 'outline'
}
}
}
})
```
```ts
// Vue — vite.config.ts
ui({
ui: {
button: {
slots: { base: 'font-bold rounded-full' },
defaultVariants: { color: 'neutral', variant: 'outline' }
}
}
})
```
### Per-instance (`ui` prop)
Overrides slots after variant computation:
```vue
<UButton :ui="{ base: 'font-mono', trailingIcon: 'size-3 rotate-90' }" />
<UCard :ui="{ root: 'shadow-xl', body: 'p-8' }" />
```
### Per-instance (`class` prop)
Overrides the `root` or `base` slot:
```vue
<UButton class="rounded-none">Square</UButton>
```
Components without slots (e.g., `UContainer`, `USkeleton`, `UMain`) only have the `class` prop.
### Theme structure patterns
**Slots-based** (most components — `slots` is an object in the generated theme):
```ts
// global config
ui: {
button: {
slots: { base: 'font-bold' }
}
}
// per instance
<UButton :ui="{ base: 'font-bold' }" />
```
**Flat base** (`base` is a top-level string in the generated theme):
```ts
// global config
ui: {
container: {
base: 'max-w-lg'
}
}
// per instance — class prop only
<UContainer class="max-w-lg" />
```
Always check the generated theme file to see which pattern applies.
## Dark mode
```ts
const colorMode = useColorMode()
colorMode.preference = 'dark' // 'light', 'dark', 'system'
```
```vue
<UColorModeButton /> <!-- Toggle -->
<UColorModeSelect /> <!-- Dropdown -->
```
## Fonts
```css
/* assets/css/main.css */
@theme {
--font-sans: 'Public Sans', system-ui, sans-serif;
--font-mono: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;
}
```
In Nuxt, fonts defined with `@theme` are automatically loaded by the `@nuxt/fonts` module.
## Brand customization playbook
Follow these steps to fully rebrand Nuxt UI (e.g., "make a Ghibli theme", "match our corporate brand"):
### Step 1 — Define the color palette
Pick colors that match the brand. Map them to semantic roles:
```ts
// app.config.ts (Nuxt) or vite.config.ts (Vue)
ui: {
colors: {
primary: 'emerald', // brand accent
secondary: 'amber', // secondary accent
success: 'green',
info: 'sky',
warning: 'orange',
error: 'rose',
neutral: 'stone' // affects all text, borders, backgrounds
}
}
```
If no Tailwind default color fits, define custom shades in CSS (see [Adding custom colors](#adding-custom-colors)):
```css
@theme static {
--color-forest-50: #f0fdf4;
/* ... all 11 shades (50950) ... */
--color-forest-950: #052e16;
}
```
Then use it: `primary: 'forest'`.
### Step 2 — Set fonts
```css
/* assets/css/main.css */
@theme {
--font-sans: 'Quicksand', system-ui, sans-serif;
}
```
### Step 3 — Adjust CSS variables
```css
:root {
--ui-radius: 0.75rem; /* rounder = softer/playful, smaller = sharper/corporate */
--ui-primary: var(--ui-color-primary-600); /* adjust which shade is used */
}
.dark {
--ui-primary: var(--ui-color-primary-400);
}
```
### Step 4 — Override key components globally
Read the generated theme files to find slot names, then apply global overrides:
```ts
// app.config.ts (Nuxt) or vite.config.ts (Vue)
ui: {
// ... colors from Step 1
button: {
slots: {
base: 'rounded-full font-semibold'
},
defaultVariants: {
variant: 'soft'
}
},
card: {
slots: {
root: 'rounded-2xl shadow-lg'
}
},
badge: {
slots: {
base: 'rounded-full'
}
}
}
```
> **Tip**: Read `.nuxt/ui/button.ts` (Nuxt) or `node_modules/.nuxt-ui/ui/button.ts` (Vue) to see all available slots and variants before overriding.
### Step 5 — Verify dark mode
Check that both modes look correct. Adjust `--ui-primary` shade per mode and test contrast. Use `useColorMode()` to toggle during development.
### Quick checklist
| Step | What to change | Where |
|---|---|---|
| Colors | `primary`, `secondary`, `neutral` | `app.config.ts` / `vite.config.ts` |
| Custom palette | 11 shades per color | `main.css` (`@theme static`) |
| Fonts | `--font-sans`, `--font-mono` | `main.css` (`@theme`) |
| Radius | `--ui-radius` | `main.css` (`:root`) |
| Primary shade | `--ui-primary` | `main.css` (`:root` + `.dark`) |
| Component shapes | Global slot overrides | `app.config.ts` / `vite.config.ts` |
| Dark mode | Verify contrast, adjust variables | `main.css` (`.dark`) |

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# Generation Info
- **Source:** `sources/nuxt`
- **Git SHA:** `c9fed804b9bef362276033b03ca43730c6efa7dc`
- **Generated:** 2026-01-28

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---
name: nuxt
description: Nuxt full-stack Vue framework with SSR, auto-imports, and file-based routing. Use when working with Nuxt apps, server routes, useFetch, middleware, or hybrid rendering.
metadata:
author: Anthony Fu
version: "2026.1.28"
source: Generated from https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt, scripts located at https://github.com/antfu/skills
---
Nuxt is a full-stack Vue framework that provides server-side rendering, file-based routing, auto-imports, and a powerful module system. It uses Nitro as its server engine for universal deployment across Node.js, serverless, and edge platforms.
> The skill is based on Nuxt 3.x, generated at 2026-01-28.
## Core
| Topic | Description | Reference |
|-------|-------------|-----------|
| Directory Structure | Project folder structure, conventions, file organization | [core-directory-structure](references/core-directory-structure.md) |
| Configuration | nuxt.config.ts, app.config.ts, runtime config, environment variables | [core-config](references/core-config.md) |
| CLI Commands | Dev server, build, generate, preview, and utility commands | [core-cli](references/core-cli.md) |
| Routing | File-based routing, dynamic routes, navigation, middleware, layouts | [core-routing](references/core-routing.md) |
| Data Fetching | useFetch, useAsyncData, $fetch, caching, refresh | [core-data-fetching](references/core-data-fetching.md) |
| Modules | Creating and using Nuxt modules, Nuxt Kit utilities | [core-modules](references/core-modules.md) |
| Deployment | Platform-agnostic deployment with Nitro, Vercel, Netlify, Cloudflare | [core-deployment](references/core-deployment.md) |
## Features
| Topic | Description | Reference |
|-------|-------------|-----------|
| Composables Auto-imports | Vue APIs, Nuxt composables, custom composables, utilities | [features-composables](references/features-composables.md) |
| Components Auto-imports | Component naming, lazy loading, hydration strategies | [features-components-autoimport](references/features-components-autoimport.md) |
| Built-in Components | NuxtLink, NuxtPage, NuxtLayout, ClientOnly, and more | [features-components](references/features-components.md) |
| State Management | useState composable, SSR-friendly state, Pinia integration | [features-state](references/features-state.md) |
| Server Routes | API routes, server middleware, Nitro server engine | [features-server](references/features-server.md) |
## Rendering
| Topic | Description | Reference |
|-------|-------------|-----------|
| Rendering Modes | Universal (SSR), client-side (SPA), hybrid rendering, route rules | [rendering-modes](references/rendering-modes.md) |
## Best Practices
| Topic | Description | Reference |
|-------|-------------|-----------|
| Data Fetching Patterns | Efficient fetching, caching, parallel requests, error handling | [best-practices-data-fetching](references/best-practices-data-fetching.md) |
| SSR & Hydration | Avoiding context leaks, hydration mismatches, composable patterns | [best-practices-ssr](references/best-practices-ssr.md) |
## Advanced
| Topic | Description | Reference |
|-------|-------------|-----------|
| Layers | Extending applications with reusable layers | [advanced-layers](references/advanced-layers.md) |
| Lifecycle Hooks | Build-time, runtime, and server hooks | [advanced-hooks](references/advanced-hooks.md) |
| Module Authoring | Creating publishable Nuxt modules with Nuxt Kit | [advanced-module-authoring](references/advanced-module-authoring.md) |

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---
name: lifecycle-hooks
description: Nuxt and Nitro hooks for extending build-time and runtime behavior
---
# Lifecycle Hooks
Nuxt provides hooks to tap into the build process, application lifecycle, and server runtime.
## Build-time Hooks (Nuxt)
Used in `nuxt.config.ts` or modules:
### In nuxt.config.ts
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
hooks: {
'build:before': () => {
console.log('Build starting...')
},
'pages:extend': (pages) => {
// Add custom pages
pages.push({
name: 'custom',
path: '/custom',
file: '~/pages/custom.vue',
})
},
'components:dirs': (dirs) => {
// Add component directories
dirs.push({ path: '~/extra-components' })
},
},
})
```
### In Modules
```ts
// modules/my-module.ts
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup(options, nuxt) {
nuxt.hook('ready', async (nuxt) => {
console.log('Nuxt is ready')
})
nuxt.hook('close', async (nuxt) => {
console.log('Nuxt is closing')
})
nuxt.hook('modules:done', () => {
console.log('All modules loaded')
})
},
})
```
### Common Build Hooks
| Hook | When |
|------|------|
| `ready` | Nuxt initialization complete |
| `close` | Nuxt is closing |
| `modules:done` | All modules installed |
| `build:before` | Before build starts |
| `build:done` | Build complete |
| `pages:extend` | Pages routes resolved |
| `components:dirs` | Component dirs being resolved |
| `imports:extend` | Auto-imports being resolved |
| `nitro:config` | Before Nitro config finalized |
| `vite:extend` | Vite context created |
| `vite:extendConfig` | Before Vite config finalized |
## App Hooks (Runtime)
Used in plugins and composables:
### In Plugins
```ts
// plugins/lifecycle.ts
export default defineNuxtPlugin((nuxtApp) => {
nuxtApp.hook('app:created', (vueApp) => {
console.log('Vue app created')
})
nuxtApp.hook('app:mounted', (vueApp) => {
console.log('App mounted')
})
nuxtApp.hook('page:start', () => {
console.log('Page navigation starting')
})
nuxtApp.hook('page:finish', () => {
console.log('Page navigation finished')
})
nuxtApp.hook('page:loading:start', () => {
console.log('Page loading started')
})
nuxtApp.hook('page:loading:end', () => {
console.log('Page loading ended')
})
})
```
### Common App Hooks
| Hook | When |
|------|------|
| `app:created` | Vue app created |
| `app:mounted` | Vue app mounted (client only) |
| `app:error` | Fatal error occurred |
| `page:start` | Page navigation starting |
| `page:finish` | Page navigation finished |
| `page:loading:start` | Loading indicator should show |
| `page:loading:end` | Loading indicator should hide |
| `link:prefetch` | Link is being prefetched |
### Using Runtime Hooks
```ts
// composables/usePageTracking.ts
export function usePageTracking() {
const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
nuxtApp.hook('page:finish', () => {
trackPageView(useRoute().path)
})
}
```
## Server Hooks (Nitro)
Used in server plugins:
```ts
// server/plugins/hooks.ts
export default defineNitroPlugin((nitroApp) => {
// Modify HTML before sending
nitroApp.hooks.hook('render:html', (html, { event }) => {
html.head.push('<meta name="custom" content="value">')
html.bodyAppend.push('<script>console.log("injected")</script>')
})
// Modify response
nitroApp.hooks.hook('render:response', (response, { event }) => {
console.log('Sending response:', response.statusCode)
})
// Before request
nitroApp.hooks.hook('request', (event) => {
console.log('Request:', event.path)
})
// After response
nitroApp.hooks.hook('afterResponse', (event) => {
console.log('Response sent')
})
})
```
### Common Nitro Hooks
| Hook | When |
|------|------|
| `request` | Request received |
| `beforeResponse` | Before sending response |
| `afterResponse` | After response sent |
| `render:html` | Before HTML is sent |
| `render:response` | Before response is finalized |
| `error` | Error occurred |
## Custom Hooks
### Define Custom Hook Types
```ts
// types/hooks.d.ts
import type { HookResult } from '@nuxt/schema'
declare module '#app' {
interface RuntimeNuxtHooks {
'my-app:event': (data: MyEventData) => HookResult
}
}
declare module '@nuxt/schema' {
interface NuxtHooks {
'my-module:init': () => HookResult
}
}
declare module 'nitropack/types' {
interface NitroRuntimeHooks {
'my-server:event': (data: any) => void
}
}
```
### Call Custom Hooks
```ts
// In a plugin
export default defineNuxtPlugin((nuxtApp) => {
// Call custom hook
nuxtApp.callHook('my-app:event', { type: 'custom' })
})
// In a module
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup(options, nuxt) {
nuxt.callHook('my-module:init')
},
})
```
## useRuntimeHook
Call hooks at runtime from components:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Register a callback for a runtime hook
useRuntimeHook('app:error', (error) => {
console.error('App error:', error)
})
</script>
```
## Hook Examples
### Page View Tracking
```ts
// plugins/analytics.client.ts
export default defineNuxtPlugin((nuxtApp) => {
nuxtApp.hook('page:finish', () => {
const route = useRoute()
analytics.track('pageview', {
path: route.path,
title: document.title,
})
})
})
```
### Performance Monitoring
```ts
// plugins/performance.client.ts
export default defineNuxtPlugin((nuxtApp) => {
let navigationStart: number
nuxtApp.hook('page:start', () => {
navigationStart = performance.now()
})
nuxtApp.hook('page:finish', () => {
const duration = performance.now() - navigationStart
console.log(`Navigation took ${duration}ms`)
})
})
```
### Inject HTML
```ts
// server/plugins/inject.ts
export default defineNitroPlugin((nitroApp) => {
nitroApp.hooks.hook('render:html', (html) => {
html.head.push(`
<script>
window.APP_CONFIG = ${JSON.stringify(config)}
</script>
`)
})
})
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/going-further/hooks
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/advanced/hooks
-->

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---
name: nuxt-layers
description: Extending Nuxt applications with layers for code sharing and reusability
---
# Nuxt Layers
Layers allow sharing and reusing partial Nuxt applications across projects. They can include components, composables, pages, layouts, and configuration.
## Using Layers
### From npm Package
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
extends: [
'@my-org/base-layer',
'@nuxtjs/ui-layer',
],
})
```
### From Git Repository
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
extends: [
'github:username/repo',
'github:username/repo/base', // Subdirectory
'github:username/repo#v1.0', // Specific tag
'github:username/repo#dev', // Branch
'gitlab:username/repo',
'bitbucket:username/repo',
],
})
```
### From Local Directory
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
extends: [
'../base-layer',
'./layers/shared',
],
})
```
### Auto-scanned Layers
Place in `layers/` directory for automatic discovery:
```
my-app/
├── layers/
│ ├── base/
│ │ └── nuxt.config.ts
│ └── ui/
│ └── nuxt.config.ts
└── nuxt.config.ts
```
## Creating a Layer
Minimal layer structure:
```
my-layer/
├── nuxt.config.ts # Required
├── app/
│ ├── components/ # Auto-merged
│ ├── composables/ # Auto-merged
│ ├── layouts/ # Auto-merged
│ ├── middleware/ # Auto-merged
│ ├── pages/ # Auto-merged
│ ├── plugins/ # Auto-merged
│ └── app.config.ts # Merged
├── server/ # Auto-merged
└── package.json
```
### Layer nuxt.config.ts
```ts
// my-layer/nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
// Layer configuration
app: {
head: {
title: 'My Layer App',
},
},
// Shared modules
modules: ['@nuxt/ui'],
})
```
### Layer Components
```vue
<!-- my-layer/app/components/BaseButton.vue -->
<template>
<button class="base-btn">
<slot />
</button>
</template>
```
Use in consuming project:
```vue
<template>
<BaseButton>Click me</BaseButton>
</template>
```
### Layer Composables
```ts
// my-layer/app/composables/useTheme.ts
export function useTheme() {
const isDark = useState('theme-dark', () => false)
const toggle = () => isDark.value = !isDark.value
return { isDark, toggle }
}
```
## Layer Priority
Override order (highest to lowest):
1. Your project files
2. Auto-scanned layers (alphabetically, Z > A)
3. `extends` array (first > last)
Control order with prefixes:
```
layers/
├── 1.base/ # Lower priority
└── 2.theme/ # Higher priority
```
## Layer Aliases
Access layer files:
```ts
// Auto-scanned layers get aliases
import Component from '#layers/base/components/Component.vue'
```
Named aliases:
```ts
// my-layer/nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
$meta: {
name: 'my-layer',
},
})
```
```ts
// In consuming project
import { something } from '#layers/my-layer/utils'
```
## Publishing Layers
### As npm Package
```json
{
"name": "my-nuxt-layer",
"version": "1.0.0",
"type": "module",
"main": "./nuxt.config.ts",
"dependencies": {
"@nuxt/ui": "^2.0.0"
},
"devDependencies": {
"nuxt": "^3.0.0"
}
}
```
### Private Layers
For private git repos:
```bash
export GIGET_AUTH=<github-token>
```
## Layer Best Practices
### Use Resolved Paths
```ts
// my-layer/nuxt.config.ts
import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
import { dirname, join } from 'node:path'
const currentDir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
export default defineNuxtConfig({
css: [
join(currentDir, './assets/main.css'),
],
})
```
### Install Dependencies
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
extends: [
['github:user/layer', { install: true }],
],
})
```
### Disable Layer Modules
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
extends: ['./base-layer'],
// Disable modules from layer
image: false, // Disables @nuxt/image
pinia: false, // Disables @pinia/nuxt
})
```
## Starter Template
Create a new layer:
```bash
npx nuxi init --template layer my-layer
```
## Example: Theme Layer
```
theme-layer/
├── nuxt.config.ts
├── app/
│ ├── app.config.ts
│ ├── components/
│ │ ├── ThemeButton.vue
│ │ └── ThemeCard.vue
│ ├── composables/
│ │ └── useTheme.ts
│ └── assets/
│ └── theme.css
└── package.json
```
```ts
// theme-layer/nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
css: ['~/assets/theme.css'],
})
```
```ts
// theme-layer/app/app.config.ts
export default defineAppConfig({
theme: {
primaryColor: '#00dc82',
darkMode: false,
},
})
```
```ts
// consuming-app/nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
extends: ['theme-layer'],
})
// consuming-app/app/app.config.ts
export default defineAppConfig({
theme: {
primaryColor: '#ff0000', // Override
},
})
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/layers
- https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/going-further/layers
-->

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---
name: module-authoring
description: Complete guide to creating publishable Nuxt modules with best practices
---
# Module Authoring
This guide covers creating publishable Nuxt modules with proper structure, type safety, and best practices.
## Module Structure
Recommended structure for a publishable module:
```
my-nuxt-module/
├── src/
│ ├── module.ts # Module entry
│ └── runtime/
│ ├── components/ # Vue components
│ ├── composables/ # Composables
│ ├── plugins/ # Nuxt plugins
│ └── server/ # Server handlers
├── playground/ # Development app
├── package.json
└── tsconfig.json
```
## Module Definition
### Basic Module with Type-safe Options
```ts
// src/module.ts
import { defineNuxtModule, createResolver, addPlugin, addComponent, addImports } from '@nuxt/kit'
export interface ModuleOptions {
prefix?: string
apiKey: string
enabled?: boolean
}
export default defineNuxtModule<ModuleOptions>({
meta: {
name: 'my-module',
configKey: 'myModule',
compatibility: {
nuxt: '>=3.0.0',
},
},
defaults: {
prefix: 'My',
enabled: true,
},
setup(options, nuxt) {
if (!options.enabled) return
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
// Module setup logic here
},
})
```
### Using `.with()` for Strict Type Inference
When you need TypeScript to infer that default values are always present:
```ts
import { defineNuxtModule } from '@nuxt/kit'
interface ModuleOptions {
apiKey: string
baseURL: string
timeout?: number
}
export default defineNuxtModule<ModuleOptions>().with({
meta: {
name: '@nuxtjs/my-api',
configKey: 'myApi',
},
defaults: {
baseURL: 'https://api.example.com',
timeout: 5000,
},
setup(resolvedOptions, nuxt) {
// resolvedOptions.baseURL is guaranteed to be string (not undefined)
// resolvedOptions.timeout is guaranteed to be number (not undefined)
},
})
```
## Adding Runtime Assets
### Components
```ts
import { addComponent, addComponentsDir, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup() {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
// Single component
addComponent({
name: 'MyButton',
filePath: resolve('./runtime/components/MyButton.vue'),
})
// Component directory with prefix
addComponentsDir({
path: resolve('./runtime/components'),
prefix: 'My',
pathPrefix: false,
})
},
})
```
### Composables and Auto-imports
```ts
import { addImports, addImportsDir, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup() {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
// Single import
addImports({
name: 'useMyUtil',
from: resolve('./runtime/composables/useMyUtil'),
})
// Directory of composables
addImportsDir(resolve('./runtime/composables'))
},
})
```
### Plugins
```ts
import { addPlugin, addPluginTemplate, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup(options) {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
// Static plugin file
addPlugin({
src: resolve('./runtime/plugins/myPlugin'),
mode: 'client', // 'client', 'server', or 'all'
})
// Dynamic plugin with generated code
addPluginTemplate({
filename: 'my-module-plugin.mjs',
getContents: () => `
import { defineNuxtPlugin } from '#app/nuxt'
export default defineNuxtPlugin({
name: 'my-module',
setup() {
const config = ${JSON.stringify(options)}
// Plugin logic
}
})`,
})
},
})
```
## Server Extensions
### Server Handlers
```ts
import { addServerHandler, addServerScanDir, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup() {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
// Single handler
addServerHandler({
route: '/api/my-endpoint',
handler: resolve('./runtime/server/api/my-endpoint'),
})
// Scan entire server directory (api/, routes/, middleware/, utils/)
addServerScanDir(resolve('./runtime/server'))
},
})
```
### Server Composables
```ts
import { addServerImports, addServerImportsDir, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup() {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
// Single server import
addServerImports({
name: 'useServerUtil',
from: resolve('./runtime/server/utils/useServerUtil'),
})
// Server composables directory
addServerImportsDir(resolve('./runtime/server/composables'))
},
})
```
### Nitro Plugin
```ts
import { addServerPlugin, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup() {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
addServerPlugin(resolve('./runtime/server/plugin'))
},
})
```
```ts
// runtime/server/plugin.ts
import { defineNitroPlugin } from 'nitropack/runtime'
export default defineNitroPlugin((nitroApp) => {
nitroApp.hooks.hook('request', (event) => {
console.log('Request:', event.path)
})
})
```
## Templates and Virtual Files
### Generate Virtual Files
```ts
import { addTemplate, addTypeTemplate, addServerTemplate, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup(options, nuxt) {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
// Client/build virtual file (accessible via #build/my-config.mjs)
addTemplate({
filename: 'my-config.mjs',
getContents: () => `export default ${JSON.stringify(options)}`,
})
// Type declarations
addTypeTemplate({
filename: 'types/my-module.d.ts',
getContents: () => `
declare module '#my-module' {
export interface Config {
apiKey: string
}
}`,
})
// Nitro virtual file (accessible in server routes)
addServerTemplate({
filename: '#my-module/config.mjs',
getContents: () => `export const config = ${JSON.stringify(options)}`,
})
},
})
```
### Access Virtual Files
```ts
// In runtime plugin
// @ts-expect-error - virtual file
import config from '#build/my-config.mjs'
// In server routes
import { config } from '#my-module/config.js'
```
## Extending Pages and Routes
```ts
import { extendPages, extendRouteRules, addRouteMiddleware, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup() {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
// Add pages
extendPages((pages) => {
pages.push({
name: 'my-page',
path: '/my-route',
file: resolve('./runtime/pages/MyPage.vue'),
})
})
// Add route rules (caching, redirects, etc.)
extendRouteRules('/api/**', {
cache: { maxAge: 60 },
})
// Add middleware
addRouteMiddleware({
name: 'my-middleware',
path: resolve('./runtime/middleware/myMiddleware'),
global: true,
})
},
})
```
## Module Dependencies
Declare dependencies on other modules with version constraints:
```ts
export default defineNuxtModule({
meta: {
name: 'my-module',
},
moduleDependencies: {
'@nuxtjs/tailwindcss': {
version: '>=6.0.0',
// Set defaults (user can override)
defaults: {
exposeConfig: true,
},
// Force specific options
overrides: {
viewer: false,
},
},
'@nuxtjs/i18n': {
optional: true, // Won't fail if not installed
defaults: {
defaultLocale: 'en',
},
},
},
setup() {
// Dependencies are guaranteed to be set up before this runs
},
})
```
### Dynamic Dependencies
```ts
moduleDependencies(nuxt) {
const deps: Record<string, any> = {
'@nuxtjs/tailwindcss': { version: '>=6.0.0' },
}
if (nuxt.options.ssr) {
deps['@nuxtjs/html-validator'] = { optional: true }
}
return deps
}
```
## Lifecycle Hooks
Requires `meta.name` and `meta.version`:
```ts
export default defineNuxtModule({
meta: {
name: 'my-module',
version: '1.2.0',
},
onInstall(nuxt) {
// First-time setup
console.log('Module installed for the first time')
},
onUpgrade(nuxt, options, previousVersion) {
// Version upgrade migrations
console.log(`Upgrading from ${previousVersion}`)
},
setup(options, nuxt) {
// Regular setup runs every build
},
})
```
## Extending Configuration
```ts
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup(options, nuxt) {
// Add CSS
nuxt.options.css.push('my-module/styles.css')
// Add runtime config
nuxt.options.runtimeConfig.public.myModule = {
apiUrl: options.apiUrl,
}
// Extend Vite config
nuxt.options.vite.optimizeDeps ||= {}
nuxt.options.vite.optimizeDeps.include ||= []
nuxt.options.vite.optimizeDeps.include.push('some-package')
// Add build transpile
nuxt.options.build.transpile.push('my-package')
},
})
```
## Using Hooks
```ts
export default defineNuxtModule({
// Declarative hooks
hooks: {
'components:dirs': (dirs) => {
dirs.push({ path: '~/extra' })
},
},
setup(options, nuxt) {
// Programmatic hooks
nuxt.hook('pages:extend', (pages) => {
// Modify pages
})
nuxt.hook('imports:extend', (imports) => {
imports.push({ name: 'myHelper', from: 'my-package' })
})
nuxt.hook('nitro:config', (config) => {
// Modify Nitro config
})
nuxt.hook('vite:extendConfig', (config) => {
// Modify Vite config
})
},
})
```
## Path Resolution
```ts
import { createResolver, resolvePath, findPath } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
async setup(options, nuxt) {
// Resolver relative to module
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
const pluginPath = resolve('./runtime/plugin')
// Resolve with extensions and aliases
const entrypoint = await resolvePath('@some/package')
// Find first existing file
const configPath = await findPath([
resolve('./config.ts'),
resolve('./config.js'),
])
},
})
```
## Module Package.json
```json
{
"name": "my-nuxt-module",
"version": "1.0.0",
"type": "module",
"exports": {
".": {
"import": "./dist/module.mjs",
"require": "./dist/module.cjs"
}
},
"main": "./dist/module.cjs",
"module": "./dist/module.mjs",
"types": "./dist/types.d.ts",
"files": ["dist"],
"scripts": {
"dev": "nuxi dev playground",
"build": "nuxt-module-build build",
"prepare": "nuxt-module-build build --stub"
},
"dependencies": {
"@nuxt/kit": "^3.0.0"
},
"devDependencies": {
"@nuxt/module-builder": "latest",
"nuxt": "^3.0.0"
}
}
```
## Disabling Modules
Users can disable a module via config key:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
// Disable entirely
myModule: false,
// Or with options
myModule: {
enabled: false,
},
})
```
## Development Workflow
1. **Create module**: `npx nuxi init -t module my-module`
2. **Develop**: `npm run dev` (runs playground)
3. **Build**: `npm run build`
4. **Test**: `npm run test`
## Best Practices
- Use `createResolver(import.meta.url)` for all path resolution
- Prefix components to avoid naming conflicts
- Make options type-safe with `ModuleOptions` interface
- Use `moduleDependencies` instead of `installModule`
- Provide sensible defaults for all options
- Add compatibility requirements in `meta.compatibility`
- Use virtual files for dynamic configuration
- Separate client/server plugins appropriately
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/kit/modules
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/kit/components
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/kit/autoimports
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/kit/plugins
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/kit/templates
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/kit/nitro
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/kit/pages
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/kit/resolving
-->

View File

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---
name: data-fetching-best-practices
description: Patterns and best practices for efficient data fetching in Nuxt
---
# Data Fetching Best Practices
Effective data fetching patterns for SSR-friendly, performant Nuxt applications.
## Choose the Right Tool
| Scenario | Use |
|----------|-----|
| Component initial data | `useFetch` or `useAsyncData` |
| User interactions (clicks, forms) | `$fetch` |
| Third-party SDK/API | `useAsyncData` with custom function |
| Multiple parallel requests | `useAsyncData` with `Promise.all` |
## Await vs Non-Await Usage
The `await` keyword controls whether data fetching **blocks navigation**:
### With `await` - Blocking Navigation
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Navigation waits until data is fetched (uses Vue Suspense)
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/posts')
// data.value is available immediately after this line
</script>
```
- **Server**: Fetches data and includes it in the payload
- **Client hydration**: Uses payload data, no re-fetch
- **Client navigation**: Blocks until data is ready
### Without `await` - Non-Blocking (Lazy)
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Navigation proceeds immediately, data fetches in background
const { data, status } = useFetch('/api/posts', { lazy: true })
// data.value may be undefined initially - check status!
</script>
<template>
<div v-if="status === 'pending'">Loading...</div>
<div v-else>{{ data }}</div>
</template>
```
Equivalent to using `useLazyFetch`:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data, status } = useLazyFetch('/api/posts')
</script>
```
### When to Use Each
| Pattern | Use Case |
|---------|----------|
| `await useFetch()` | Critical data needed for SEO/initial render |
| `useFetch({ lazy: true })` | Non-critical data, better perceived performance |
| `await useLazyFetch()` | Same as lazy, await only ensures initialization |
## Avoid Double Fetching
### ❌ Wrong: Using $fetch Alone in Setup
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// This fetches TWICE: once on server, once on client
const data = await $fetch('/api/posts')
</script>
```
### ✅ Correct: Use useFetch
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Fetches on server, hydrates on client (no double fetch)
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/posts')
</script>
```
## Use Explicit Cache Keys
### ❌ Avoid: Auto-generated Keys
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Key is auto-generated from file/line - can cause issues
const { data } = await useAsyncData(() => fetchPosts())
</script>
```
### ✅ Better: Explicit Keys
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Explicit key for predictable caching
const { data } = await useAsyncData(
'posts',
() => fetchPosts(),
)
// Dynamic keys for parameterized data
const route = useRoute()
const { data: post } = await useAsyncData(
`post-${route.params.id}`,
() => fetchPost(route.params.id),
)
</script>
```
## Handle Loading States Properly
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data, status, error } = await useFetch('/api/posts')
</script>
<template>
<div v-if="status === 'pending'">
<SkeletonLoader />
</div>
<div v-else-if="error">
<ErrorMessage :error="error" />
</div>
<div v-else>
<PostList :posts="data" />
</div>
</template>
```
## Use Lazy Fetching for Non-critical Data
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const id = useRoute().params.id
// Critical data - blocks navigation
const { data: post } = await useFetch(`/api/posts/${id}`)
// Non-critical data - doesn't block navigation
const { data: comments, status } = useFetch(`/api/posts/${id}/comments`, {
lazy: true,
})
// Or use useLazyFetch
const { data: related } = useLazyFetch(`/api/posts/${id}/related`)
</script>
<template>
<article>
<h1>{{ post?.title }}</h1>
<p>{{ post?.content }}</p>
</article>
<section v-if="status === 'pending'">Loading comments...</section>
<CommentList v-else :comments="comments" />
</template>
```
## Minimize Payload Size
### Use `pick` for Simple Filtering
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/users', {
// Only include these fields in payload
pick: ['id', 'name', 'avatar'],
})
</script>
```
### Use `transform` for Complex Transformations
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/posts', {
transform: (posts) => {
return posts.map(post => ({
id: post.id,
title: post.title,
excerpt: post.content.slice(0, 100),
date: new Date(post.createdAt).toLocaleDateString(),
}))
},
})
</script>
```
## Parallel Fetching
### Fetch Independent Data with useAsyncData
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data } = await useAsyncData(
'dashboard',
async (_nuxtApp, { signal }) => {
const [user, posts, stats] = await Promise.all([
$fetch('/api/user', { signal }),
$fetch('/api/posts', { signal }),
$fetch('/api/stats', { signal }),
])
return { user, posts, stats }
},
)
</script>
```
### Multiple useFetch Calls
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// These run in parallel automatically
const [{ data: user }, { data: posts }] = await Promise.all([
useFetch('/api/user'),
useFetch('/api/posts'),
])
</script>
```
## Efficient Refresh Patterns
### Watch Reactive Dependencies
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const page = ref(1)
const category = ref('all')
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/posts', {
query: { page, category },
// Auto-refresh when these change
watch: [page, category],
})
</script>
```
### Manual Refresh
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data, refresh, status } = await useFetch('/api/posts')
async function refreshPosts() {
await refresh()
}
</script>
```
### Conditional Fetching
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const userId = ref<string | null>(null)
const { data, execute } = useFetch(() => `/api/users/${userId.value}`, {
immediate: false, // Don't fetch until userId is set
})
// Later, when userId is available
function loadUser(id: string) {
userId.value = id
execute()
}
</script>
```
## Server-only Fetching
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Only fetch on server, skip on client navigation
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/static-content', {
server: true,
lazy: true,
getCachedData: (key, nuxtApp) => nuxtApp.payload.data[key],
})
</script>
```
## Error Handling
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data, error, refresh } = await useFetch('/api/posts')
// Watch for errors if need event-like handling
watch(error, (err) => {
if (err) {
console.error('Fetch failed:', err)
// Show toast, redirect, etc.
}
}, { immediate: true })
</script>
<template>
<div v-if="error">
<p>Failed to load: {{ error.message }}</p>
<button @click="refresh()">Retry</button>
</div>
</template>
```
## Shared Data Across Components
```vue
<!-- ComponentA.vue -->
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/user', { key: 'current-user' })
</script>
<!-- ComponentB.vue -->
<script setup lang="ts">
// Access cached data without refetching
const { data: user } = useNuxtData('current-user')
// Or refresh it
const { refresh } = await useFetch('/api/user', { key: 'current-user' })
</script>
```
## Avoid useAsyncData for Side Effects
### ❌ Wrong: Side Effects in useAsyncData
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Don't trigger Pinia actions or side effects
await useAsyncData(() => store.fetchUser()) // Can cause issues
</script>
```
### ✅ Correct: Use callOnce for Side Effects
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
await callOnce(async () => {
await store.fetchUser()
})
</script>
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/data-fetching
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/composables/use-fetch
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/composables/use-async-data
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/composables/use-lazy-fetch
-->

View File

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---
name: ssr-best-practices
description: Avoiding SSR context leaks, hydration mismatches, and proper composable usage
---
# SSR Best Practices
Patterns for avoiding common SSR pitfalls: context leaks, hydration mismatches, and composable errors.
## The "Nuxt Instance Unavailable" Error
This error occurs when calling Nuxt composables outside the proper context.
### ❌ Wrong: Composable Outside Setup
```ts
// composables/bad.ts
// Called at module level - no Nuxt context!
const config = useRuntimeConfig()
export function useMyComposable() {
return config.public.apiBase
}
```
### ✅ Correct: Composable Inside Function
```ts
// composables/good.ts
export function useMyComposable() {
// Called inside the composable - has context
const config = useRuntimeConfig()
return config.public.apiBase
}
```
### Valid Contexts for Composables
Nuxt composables work in:
- `<script setup>` blocks
- `setup()` function
- `defineNuxtPlugin()` callbacks
- `defineNuxtRouteMiddleware()` callbacks
```ts
// ✅ Plugin
export default defineNuxtPlugin(() => {
const config = useRuntimeConfig() // Works
})
// ✅ Middleware
export default defineNuxtRouteMiddleware(() => {
const route = useRoute() // Works
})
```
## Avoid State Leaks Between Requests
### ❌ Wrong: Module-level State
```ts
// composables/bad.ts
// This state is SHARED between all requests on server!
const globalState = ref({ user: null })
export function useUser() {
return globalState
}
```
### ✅ Correct: Use useState
```ts
// composables/good.ts
export function useUser() {
// useState creates request-isolated state
return useState('user', () => ({ user: null }))
}
```
### Why This Matters
On the server, module-level state persists across requests, causing:
- Data leaking between users
- Security vulnerabilities
- Memory leaks
## Hydration Mismatch Prevention
Hydration mismatches occur when server HTML differs from client render.
### ❌ Wrong: Browser APIs in Setup
```vue
<script setup>
// localStorage doesn't exist on server!
const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme') || 'light'
</script>
```
### ✅ Correct: Use SSR-safe Alternatives
```vue
<script setup>
// useCookie works on both server and client
const theme = useCookie('theme', { default: () => 'light' })
</script>
```
### ❌ Wrong: Random/Time-based Values
```vue
<template>
<div>{{ Math.random() }}</div>
<div>{{ new Date().toLocaleTimeString() }}</div>
</template>
```
### ✅ Correct: Use useState for Consistency
```vue
<script setup>
// Value is generated once on server, hydrated on client
const randomValue = useState('random', () => Math.random())
</script>
<template>
<div>{{ randomValue }}</div>
</template>
```
### ❌ Wrong: Conditional Rendering on Client State
```vue
<template>
<!-- window doesn't exist on server -->
<div v-if="window?.innerWidth > 768">Desktop</div>
</template>
```
### ✅ Correct: Use CSS or ClientOnly
```vue
<template>
<!-- CSS media queries work on both -->
<div class="hidden md:block">Desktop</div>
<div class="md:hidden">Mobile</div>
<!-- Or use ClientOnly for JS-dependent rendering -->
<ClientOnly>
<ResponsiveComponent />
<template #fallback>Loading...</template>
</ClientOnly>
</template>
```
## Browser-only Code
### Use `import.meta.client`
```vue
<script setup>
if (import.meta.client) {
// Only runs in browser
window.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll)
}
</script>
```
### Use `onMounted` for DOM Access
```vue
<script setup>
const el = ref<HTMLElement>()
onMounted(() => {
// Safe - only runs on client after hydration
el.value?.focus()
initThirdPartyLib()
})
</script>
```
### Dynamic Imports for Browser Libraries
```vue
<script setup>
onMounted(async () => {
const { Chart } = await import('chart.js')
new Chart(canvas.value, config)
})
</script>
```
## Server-only Code
### Use `import.meta.server`
```vue
<script setup>
if (import.meta.server) {
// Only runs on server
const secrets = useRuntimeConfig().apiSecret
}
</script>
```
### Server Components
```vue
<!-- components/ServerData.server.vue -->
<script setup>
// This entire component only runs on server
const data = await fetchSensitiveData()
</script>
<template>
<div>{{ data }}</div>
</template>
```
## Async Composable Patterns
### ❌ Wrong: Await Before Composable
```vue
<script setup>
await someAsyncOperation()
const route = useRoute() // May fail - context lost after await
</script>
```
### ✅ Correct: Get Context First
```vue
<script setup>
// Get all composables before any await
const route = useRoute()
const config = useRuntimeConfig()
await someAsyncOperation()
// Now safe to use route and config
</script>
```
## Plugin Best Practices
### Client-only Plugins
```ts
// plugins/analytics.client.ts
export default defineNuxtPlugin(() => {
// Only runs on client
initAnalytics()
})
```
### Server-only Plugins
```ts
// plugins/server-init.server.ts
export default defineNuxtPlugin(() => {
// Only runs on server
initServerConnections()
})
```
### Provide/Inject Pattern
```ts
// plugins/api.ts
export default defineNuxtPlugin(() => {
const api = createApiClient()
return {
provide: {
api,
},
}
})
```
```vue
<script setup>
const { $api } = useNuxtApp()
const data = await $api.get('/users')
</script>
```
## Third-party Library Integration
### ❌ Wrong: Import at Top Level
```vue
<script setup>
import SomeLibrary from 'browser-only-lib' // Breaks SSR
</script>
```
### ✅ Correct: Dynamic Import
```vue
<script setup>
let library: typeof import('browser-only-lib')
onMounted(async () => {
library = await import('browser-only-lib')
library.init()
})
</script>
```
### Use ClientOnly Component
```vue
<template>
<ClientOnly>
<BrowserOnlyComponent />
<template #fallback>
<div class="skeleton">Loading...</div>
</template>
</ClientOnly>
</template>
```
## Debugging SSR Issues
### Check Rendering Context
```vue
<script setup>
console.log('Server:', import.meta.server)
console.log('Client:', import.meta.client)
</script>
```
### Use Nuxt DevTools
DevTools shows payload data and hydration state.
### Common Error Messages
| Error | Cause |
|-------|-------|
| "Nuxt instance unavailable" | Composable called outside setup context |
| "Hydration mismatch" | Server/client HTML differs |
| "window is not defined" | Browser API used during SSR |
| "document is not defined" | DOM access during SSR |
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/concepts/auto-imports#vue-and-nuxt-composables
- https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/best-practices/hydration
- https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/state-management#best-practices
-->

View File

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---
name: cli-commands
description: Nuxt CLI commands for development, building, and project management
---
# CLI Commands
Nuxt provides CLI commands via `nuxi` (or `npx nuxt`) for development, building, and project management.
## Project Initialization
### Create New Project
```bash
# Interactive project creation
npx nuxi@latest init my-app
# With specific package manager
npx nuxi@latest init my-app --packageManager pnpm
# With modules
npx nuxi@latest init my-app --modules "@nuxt/ui,@nuxt/image"
# From template
npx nuxi@latest init my-app --template v3
# Skip module selection prompt
npx nuxi@latest init my-app --no-modules
```
**Options:**
| Option | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| `-t, --template` | Template name |
| `--packageManager` | npm, pnpm, yarn, or bun |
| `-M, --modules` | Modules to install (comma-separated) |
| `--gitInit` | Initialize git repository |
| `--no-install` | Skip installing dependencies |
## Development
### Start Dev Server
```bash
# Start development server (default: http://localhost:3000)
npx nuxt dev
# Custom port
npx nuxt dev --port 4000
# Open in browser
npx nuxt dev --open
# Listen on all interfaces (for mobile testing)
npx nuxt dev --host 0.0.0.0
# With HTTPS
npx nuxt dev --https
# Clear console on restart
npx nuxt dev --clear
# Create public tunnel
npx nuxt dev --tunnel
```
**Options:**
| Option | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| `-p, --port` | Port to listen on |
| `-h, --host` | Host to listen on |
| `-o, --open` | Open in browser |
| `--https` | Enable HTTPS |
| `--tunnel` | Create public tunnel (via untun) |
| `--qr` | Show QR code for mobile |
| `--clear` | Clear console on restart |
**Environment Variables:**
- `NUXT_PORT` or `PORT` - Default port
- `NUXT_HOST` or `HOST` - Default host
## Building
### Production Build
```bash
# Build for production
npx nuxt build
# Build with prerendering
npx nuxt build --prerender
# Build with specific preset
npx nuxt build --preset node-server
npx nuxt build --preset cloudflare-pages
npx nuxt build --preset vercel
# Build with environment
npx nuxt build --envName staging
```
Output is created in `.output/` directory.
### Static Generation
```bash
# Generate static site (prerenders all routes)
npx nuxt generate
```
Equivalent to `nuxt build --prerender`. Creates static HTML files for deployment to static hosting.
### Preview Production Build
```bash
# Preview after build
npx nuxt preview
# Custom port
npx nuxt preview --port 4000
```
## Utilities
### Prepare (Type Generation)
```bash
# Generate TypeScript types and .nuxt directory
npx nuxt prepare
```
Run after cloning or when types are missing.
### Type Check
```bash
# Run TypeScript type checking
npx nuxt typecheck
```
### Analyze Bundle
```bash
# Analyze production bundle
npx nuxt analyze
```
Opens visual bundle analyzer.
### Cleanup
```bash
# Remove generated files (.nuxt, .output, node_modules/.cache)
npx nuxt cleanup
```
### Info
```bash
# Show environment info (useful for bug reports)
npx nuxt info
```
### Upgrade
```bash
# Upgrade Nuxt to latest version
npx nuxt upgrade
# Upgrade to nightly release
npx nuxt upgrade --nightly
```
## Module Commands
### Add Module
```bash
# Add a Nuxt module
npx nuxt module add @nuxt/ui
npx nuxt module add @nuxt/image
```
Installs and adds to `nuxt.config.ts`.
### Build Module (for module authors)
```bash
# Build a Nuxt module
npx nuxt build-module
```
## DevTools
```bash
# Enable DevTools globally
npx nuxt devtools enable
# Disable DevTools
npx nuxt devtools disable
```
## Common Workflows
### Development
```bash
# Install dependencies and start dev
pnpm install
pnpm dev # or npx nuxt dev
```
### Production Deployment
```bash
# Build and preview locally
pnpm build
pnpm preview
# Or for static hosting
pnpm generate
```
### After Cloning
```bash
# Install deps and prepare types
pnpm install
npx nuxt prepare
```
## Environment-specific Builds
```bash
# Development build
npx nuxt build --envName development
# Staging build
npx nuxt build --envName staging
# Production build (default)
npx nuxt build --envName production
```
Corresponds to `$development`, `$env.staging`, `$production` in `nuxt.config.ts`.
## Layer Extension
```bash
# Dev with additional layer
npx nuxt dev --extends ./base-layer
# Build with layer
npx nuxt build --extends ./base-layer
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/commands/dev
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/commands/build
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/commands/generate
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/commands/init
-->

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---
name: configuration
description: Nuxt configuration files including nuxt.config.ts, app.config.ts, and runtime configuration
---
# Nuxt Configuration
Nuxt uses configuration files to customize application behavior. The main configuration options are `nuxt.config.ts` for build-time settings and `app.config.ts` for runtime settings.
## nuxt.config.ts
The main configuration file at the root of your project:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
// Configuration options
devtools: { enabled: true },
modules: ['@nuxt/ui'],
})
```
### Environment Overrides
Configure environment-specific settings:
```ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
$production: {
routeRules: {
'/**': { isr: true },
},
},
$development: {
// Development-specific config
},
$env: {
staging: {
// Staging environment config
},
},
})
```
Use `--envName` flag to select environment: `nuxt build --envName staging`
## Runtime Config
For values that need to be overridden via environment variables:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
runtimeConfig: {
// Server-only keys
apiSecret: '123',
// Keys within public are exposed to client
public: {
apiBase: '/api',
},
},
})
```
Override with environment variables:
```ini
# .env
NUXT_API_SECRET=api_secret_token
NUXT_PUBLIC_API_BASE=https://api.example.com
```
Access in components/composables:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const config = useRuntimeConfig()
// Server: config.apiSecret, config.public.apiBase
// Client: config.public.apiBase only
</script>
```
## App Config
For public tokens determined at build time (not overridable via env vars):
```ts
// app/app.config.ts
export default defineAppConfig({
title: 'Hello Nuxt',
theme: {
dark: true,
colors: {
primary: '#ff0000',
},
},
})
```
Access in components:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const appConfig = useAppConfig()
</script>
```
## runtimeConfig vs app.config
| Feature | runtimeConfig | app.config |
|---------|--------------|------------|
| Client-side | Hydrated | Bundled |
| Environment variables | Yes | No |
| Reactive | Yes | Yes |
| Hot module replacement | No | Yes |
| Non-primitive JS types | No | Yes |
**Use runtimeConfig** for secrets and values that change per environment.
**Use app.config** for public tokens, theme settings, and non-sensitive config.
## External Tool Configuration
Nuxt uses `nuxt.config.ts` as single source of truth. Configure external tools within it:
```ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
// Nitro configuration
nitro: {
// nitro options
},
// Vite configuration
vite: {
// vite options
vue: {
// @vitejs/plugin-vue options
},
},
// PostCSS configuration
postcss: {
// postcss options
},
})
```
## Vue Configuration
Enable Vue experimental features:
```ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
vue: {
propsDestructure: true,
},
})
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/configuration
- https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/going-further/runtime-config
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/nuxt-config
-->

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---
name: data-fetching
description: useFetch, useAsyncData, and $fetch for SSR-friendly data fetching
---
# Data Fetching
Nuxt provides composables for SSR-friendly data fetching that prevent double-fetching and handle hydration.
## Overview
- `$fetch` - Basic fetch utility (use for client-side events)
- `useFetch` - SSR-safe wrapper around $fetch (use for component data)
- `useAsyncData` - SSR-safe wrapper for any async function
## useFetch
Primary composable for fetching data in components:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data, status, error, refresh, clear } = await useFetch('/api/posts')
</script>
<template>
<div v-if="status === 'pending'">Loading...</div>
<div v-else-if="error">Error: {{ error.message }}</div>
<div v-else>
<article v-for="post in data" :key="post.id">
{{ post.title }}
</article>
</div>
</template>
```
### With Options
```ts
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/posts', {
// Query parameters
query: { page: 1, limit: 10 },
// Request body (for POST/PUT)
body: { title: 'New Post' },
// HTTP method
method: 'POST',
// Only pick specific fields
pick: ['id', 'title'],
// Transform response
transform: (posts) => posts.map(p => ({ ...p, slug: slugify(p.title) })),
// Custom key for caching
key: 'posts-list',
// Don't fetch on server
server: false,
// Don't block navigation
lazy: true,
// Don't fetch immediately
immediate: false,
// Default value
default: () => [],
})
```
### Reactive Parameters
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const page = ref(1)
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/posts', {
query: { page }, // Automatically refetches when page changes
})
</script>
```
### Computed URL
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const id = ref(1)
const { data } = await useFetch(() => `/api/posts/${id.value}`)
// Refetches when id changes
</script>
```
## useAsyncData
For wrapping any async function:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data, error } = await useAsyncData('user', () => {
return myCustomFetch('/user/profile')
})
</script>
```
### Multiple Requests
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data } = await useAsyncData('cart', async () => {
const [coupons, offers] = await Promise.all([
$fetch('/api/coupons'),
$fetch('/api/offers'),
])
return { coupons, offers }
})
</script>
```
## $fetch
For client-side events (form submissions, button clicks):
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
async function submitForm() {
const result = await $fetch('/api/submit', {
method: 'POST',
body: { name: 'John' },
})
}
</script>
```
**Important**: Don't use `$fetch` alone in setup for initial data - it will fetch twice (server + client). Use `useFetch` or `useAsyncData` instead.
## Return Values
All composables return:
| Property | Type | Description |
|----------|------|-------------|
| `data` | `Ref<T>` | Fetched data |
| `error` | `Ref<Error>` | Error if request failed |
| `status` | `Ref<'idle' \| 'pending' \| 'success' \| 'error'>` | Request status |
| `refresh` | `() => Promise` | Refetch data |
| `execute` | `() => Promise` | Alias for refresh |
| `clear` | `() => void` | Reset data and error |
## Lazy Fetching
Don't block navigation:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Using lazy option
const { data, status } = await useFetch('/api/posts', { lazy: true })
// Or use lazy variants
const { data, status } = await useLazyFetch('/api/posts')
const { data, status } = await useLazyAsyncData('key', fetchFn)
</script>
```
## Refresh & Watch
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const category = ref('tech')
const { data, refresh } = await useFetch('/api/posts', {
query: { category },
// Auto-refresh when category changes
watch: [category],
})
// Manual refresh
const refreshData = () => refresh()
</script>
```
## Caching
Data is cached by key. Share data across components:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// In component A
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/user', { key: 'current-user' })
// In component B - uses cached data
const { data } = useNuxtData('current-user')
</script>
```
Refresh cached data globally:
```ts
// Refresh specific key
await refreshNuxtData('current-user')
// Refresh all data
await refreshNuxtData()
// Clear cached data
clearNuxtData('current-user')
```
## Interceptors
```ts
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/auth', {
onRequest({ options }) {
options.headers.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${token}`)
},
onRequestError({ error }) {
console.error('Request failed:', error)
},
onResponse({ response }) {
// Process response
},
onResponseError({ response }) {
if (response.status === 401) {
navigateTo('/login')
}
},
})
```
## Passing Headers (SSR)
`useFetch` automatically proxies cookies/headers from client to server. For `$fetch`:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const headers = useRequestHeaders(['cookie'])
const data = await $fetch('/api/user', { headers })
</script>
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/data-fetching
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/composables/use-fetch
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/composables/use-async-data
-->

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---
name: deployment
description: Deploying Nuxt applications to various hosting platforms
---
# Deployment
Nuxt is platform-agnostic thanks to [Nitro](https://nitro.build), its server engine. You can deploy to almost any platform with minimal configuration—Node.js servers, static hosting, serverless functions, or edge networks.
> **Full list of supported platforms:** https://nitro.build/deploy
## Deployment Modes
### Node.js Server
```bash
# Build for Node.js
nuxt build
# Run production server
node .output/server/index.mjs
```
Environment variables:
- `PORT` or `NITRO_PORT` (default: 3000)
- `HOST` or `NITRO_HOST` (default: 0.0.0.0)
### Static Generation
```bash
# Generate static site
nuxt generate
```
Output in `.output/public/` - deploy to any static host.
### Preset Configuration
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
nitro: {
preset: 'vercel', // or 'netlify', 'cloudflare-pages', etc.
},
})
```
Or via environment variable:
```bash
NITRO_PRESET=vercel nuxt build
```
---
## Recommended Platforms
When helping users choose a deployment platform, consider their needs:
### Vercel
**Best for:** Projects wanting zero-config deployment with excellent DX
```bash
# Install Vercel CLI
npm i -g vercel
# Deploy
vercel
```
**Pros:**
- Zero configuration for Nuxt (auto-detects)
- Excellent preview deployments for PRs
- Built-in analytics and speed insights
- Edge Functions support
- Great free tier for personal projects
**Cons:**
- Can get expensive at scale (bandwidth costs)
- Vendor lock-in concerns
- Limited build minutes on free tier
**Recommended when:** User wants fastest setup, values DX, building SaaS or marketing sites.
---
### Netlify
**Best for:** JAMstack sites, static-heavy apps, teams needing forms/identity
```bash
# Install Netlify CLI
npm i -g netlify-cli
# Deploy
netlify deploy --prod
```
**Pros:**
- Great free tier with generous bandwidth
- Built-in forms, identity, and functions
- Excellent for static sites with some dynamic features
- Good preview deployments
- Split testing built-in
**Cons:**
- SSR/serverless functions can be slower than Vercel
- Less optimized for full SSR apps
- Build minutes can run out on free tier
**Recommended when:** User has static-heavy site, needs built-in forms/auth, or prefers Netlify ecosystem.
---
### Cloudflare Pages
**Best for:** Global performance, edge computing, cost-conscious projects
```bash
# Build with Cloudflare preset
NITRO_PRESET=cloudflare-pages nuxt build
```
**Pros:**
- Unlimited bandwidth on free tier
- Excellent global edge network (fastest TTFB)
- Workers for edge computing
- Very cost-effective at scale
- D1, KV, R2 for data storage
**Cons:**
- Workers have execution limits (CPU time)
- Some Node.js APIs not available in Workers
- Less mature than Vercel/Netlify for frameworks
**Recommended when:** User prioritizes performance, global reach, or cost at scale.
---
### GitHub Actions + Self-hosted/VPS
**Best for:** Full control, existing infrastructure, CI/CD customization
```yaml
# .github/workflows/deploy.yml
name: Deploy
on:
push:
branches: [main]
jobs:
deploy:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: 20
- run: npm ci
- run: npm run build
# Deploy to your server (example: rsync to VPS)
- name: Deploy to server
run: rsync -avz .output/ user@server:/app/
```
**Pros:**
- Full control over build and deployment
- No vendor lock-in
- Can deploy anywhere (VPS, Docker, Kubernetes)
- Free CI/CD minutes for public repos
- Customizable workflows
**Cons:**
- Requires more setup and maintenance
- Need to manage your own infrastructure
- No built-in preview deployments
- SSL, scaling, monitoring are your responsibility
**Recommended when:** User has existing infrastructure, needs full control, or deploying to private/enterprise environments.
---
## Quick Decision Guide
| Need | Recommendation |
|------|----------------|
| Fastest setup, small team | **Vercel** |
| Static site with forms | **Netlify** |
| Cost-sensitive at scale | **Cloudflare Pages** |
| Full control / enterprise | **GitHub Actions + VPS** |
| Docker/Kubernetes | **GitHub Actions + Container Registry** |
| Serverless APIs | **Vercel** or **AWS Lambda** |
## Docker Deployment
```dockerfile
FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build
FROM node:20-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app/.output .output
ENV PORT=3000
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", ".output/server/index.mjs"]
```
```bash
docker build -t my-nuxt-app .
docker run -p 3000:3000 my-nuxt-app
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/deployment
- https://nitro.build/deploy
-->

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---
name: directory-structure
description: Nuxt project folder structure, conventions, and file organization
---
# Directory Structure
Nuxt uses conventions-based directory structure. Understanding it is key to effective development.
## Standard Project Structure
```
my-nuxt-app/
├── app/ # Application source (can be at root level)
│ ├── app.vue # Root component
│ ├── app.config.ts # App configuration (runtime)
│ ├── error.vue # Error page
│ ├── components/ # Auto-imported Vue components
│ ├── composables/ # Auto-imported composables
│ ├── layouts/ # Layout components
│ ├── middleware/ # Route middleware
│ ├── pages/ # File-based routing
│ ├── plugins/ # Vue plugins
│ └── utils/ # Auto-imported utilities
├── assets/ # Build-processed assets (CSS, images)
├── public/ # Static assets (served as-is)
├── server/ # Server-side code
│ ├── api/ # API routes (/api/*)
│ ├── routes/ # Server routes
│ ├── middleware/ # Server middleware
│ ├── plugins/ # Nitro plugins
│ └── utils/ # Server utilities (auto-imported)
├── content/ # Content files (@nuxt/content)
├── layers/ # Local layers (auto-scanned)
├── modules/ # Local modules
├── nuxt.config.ts # Nuxt configuration
├── package.json
└── tsconfig.json
```
## Key Directories
### `app/` Directory
Contains all application code. Can also be at root level (without `app/` folder).
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts - customize source directory
export default defineNuxtConfig({
srcDir: 'src/', // Change from 'app/' to 'src/'
})
```
### `app/components/`
Vue components auto-imported by name:
```
components/
├── Button.vue → <Button />
├── Card.vue → <Card />
├── base/
│ └── Button.vue → <BaseButton />
├── ui/
│ ├── Input.vue → <UiInput />
│ └── Modal.vue → <UiModal />
└── TheHeader.vue → <TheHeader />
```
**Lazy loading**: Prefix with `Lazy` for dynamic import:
```vue
<template>
<LazyHeavyChart v-if="showChart" />
</template>
```
**Client/Server only**:
```
components/
├── Comments.client.vue → Only rendered on client
└── ServerData.server.vue → Only rendered on server
```
### `app/composables/`
Vue composables auto-imported (top-level files only):
```
composables/
├── useAuth.ts → useAuth()
├── useFoo.ts → useFoo()
└── nested/
└── utils.ts → NOT auto-imported
```
Re-export nested composables:
```ts
// composables/index.ts
export { useHelper } from './nested/utils'
```
### `app/pages/`
File-based routing:
```
pages/
├── index.vue → /
├── about.vue → /about
├── blog/
│ ├── index.vue → /blog
│ └── [slug].vue → /blog/:slug
├── users/
│ └── [id]/
│ └── profile.vue → /users/:id/profile
├── [...slug].vue → /* (catch-all)
├── [[optional]].vue → /:optional? (optional param)
└── (marketing)/ → Route group (not in URL)
└── pricing.vue → /pricing
```
**Pages are optional**: Without `pages/`, no vue-router is included.
### `app/layouts/`
Layout components wrapping pages:
```
layouts/
├── default.vue → Default layout
├── admin.vue → Admin layout
└── blank.vue → No layout
```
```vue
<!-- layouts/default.vue -->
<template>
<div>
<TheHeader />
<slot />
<TheFooter />
</div>
</template>
```
Use in pages:
```vue
<script setup>
definePageMeta({
layout: 'admin',
// layout: false // Disable layout
})
</script>
```
### `app/middleware/`
Route middleware:
```
middleware/
├── auth.ts → Named middleware
├── admin.ts → Named middleware
└── logger.global.ts → Global middleware (runs on every route)
```
### `app/plugins/`
Nuxt plugins (auto-registered):
```
plugins/
├── 01.analytics.ts → Order with number prefix
├── 02.auth.ts
├── vue-query.client.ts → Client-only plugin
└── server-init.server.ts → Server-only plugin
```
### `server/` Directory
Nitro server code:
```
server/
├── api/
│ ├── users.ts → GET /api/users
│ ├── users.post.ts → POST /api/users
│ └── users/[id].ts → /api/users/:id
├── routes/
│ └── sitemap.xml.ts → /sitemap.xml
├── middleware/
│ └── auth.ts → Runs on every request
├── plugins/
│ └── db.ts → Server startup plugins
└── utils/
└── db.ts → Auto-imported server utilities
```
### `public/` Directory
Static assets served at root URL:
```
public/
├── favicon.ico → /favicon.ico
├── robots.txt → /robots.txt
└── images/
└── logo.png → /images/logo.png
```
### `assets/` Directory
Build-processed assets:
```
assets/
├── css/
│ └── main.css
├── images/
│ └── hero.png
└── fonts/
└── custom.woff2
```
Reference in components:
```vue
<template>
<img src="~/assets/images/hero.png" />
</template>
<style>
@import '~/assets/css/main.css';
</style>
```
## Special Files
| File | Purpose |
|------|---------|
| `app.vue` | Root component (optional with pages/) |
| `app.config.ts` | Runtime app configuration |
| `error.vue` | Custom error page |
| `nuxt.config.ts` | Build-time configuration |
| `.nuxtignore` | Ignore files from Nuxt |
| `.env` | Environment variables |
## File Naming Conventions
| Pattern | Meaning |
|---------|---------|
| `[param]` | Dynamic route parameter |
| `[[param]]` | Optional parameter |
| `[...slug]` | Catch-all route |
| `(group)` | Route group (not in URL) |
| `.client.vue` | Client-only component |
| `.server.vue` | Server-only component |
| `.global.ts` | Global middleware |
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/directory-structure
- https://nuxt.com/docs/directory-structure/app
- https://nuxt.com/docs/directory-structure/server
-->

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---
name: nuxt-modules
description: Creating and using Nuxt modules to extend framework functionality
---
# Nuxt Modules
Modules extend Nuxt's core functionality. They run at build time and can add components, composables, plugins, and configuration.
## Using Modules
Install and add to `nuxt.config.ts`:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
modules: [
// npm package
'@nuxt/ui',
// Local module
'./modules/my-module',
// Inline module
(options, nuxt) => {
console.log('Inline module')
},
// With options
['@nuxt/image', { provider: 'cloudinary' }],
],
})
```
## Creating Modules
### Basic Module
```ts
// modules/my-module.ts
export default defineNuxtModule({
meta: {
name: 'my-module',
configKey: 'myModule',
},
defaults: {
enabled: true,
},
setup(options, nuxt) {
if (!options.enabled) return
console.log('My module is running!')
},
})
```
### Adding Components
```ts
// modules/ui/index.ts
import { addComponent, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup(options, nuxt) {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
// Add single component
addComponent({
name: 'MyButton',
filePath: resolve('./runtime/components/MyButton.vue'),
})
// Add components directory
addComponentsDir({
path: resolve('./runtime/components'),
prefix: 'My',
})
},
})
```
### Adding Composables
```ts
// modules/utils/index.ts
import { addImports, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup() {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
// Add auto-imported composable
addImports({
name: 'useMyUtil',
from: resolve('./runtime/composables/useMyUtil'),
})
// Add directory for auto-imports
addImportsDir(resolve('./runtime/composables'))
},
})
```
### Adding Plugins
```ts
// modules/analytics/index.ts
import { addPlugin, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup() {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
addPlugin({
src: resolve('./runtime/plugin'),
mode: 'client', // 'client', 'server', or 'all'
})
},
})
```
Plugin file:
```ts
// modules/analytics/runtime/plugin.ts
export default defineNuxtPlugin((nuxtApp) => {
nuxtApp.hook('page:finish', () => {
console.log('Page loaded')
})
})
```
### Adding Server Routes
```ts
// modules/api/index.ts
import { addServerHandler, createResolver } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup() {
const { resolve } = createResolver(import.meta.url)
addServerHandler({
route: '/api/my-endpoint',
handler: resolve('./runtime/server/api/my-endpoint'),
})
},
})
```
### Extending Config
```ts
// modules/config/index.ts
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup(options, nuxt) {
// Add CSS
nuxt.options.css.push('my-module/styles.css')
// Add runtime config
nuxt.options.runtimeConfig.public.myModule = {
apiUrl: options.apiUrl,
}
// Extend Vite config
nuxt.options.vite.optimizeDeps ||= {}
nuxt.options.vite.optimizeDeps.include ||= []
nuxt.options.vite.optimizeDeps.include.push('some-package')
},
})
```
## Module Hooks
```ts
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup(options, nuxt) {
// Build-time hooks
nuxt.hook('modules:done', () => {
console.log('All modules loaded')
})
nuxt.hook('components:dirs', (dirs) => {
dirs.push({ path: '~/extra-components' })
})
nuxt.hook('pages:extend', (pages) => {
pages.push({
name: 'custom-page',
path: '/custom',
file: resolve('./runtime/pages/custom.vue'),
})
})
nuxt.hook('imports:extend', (imports) => {
imports.push({ name: 'myHelper', from: 'my-package' })
})
},
})
```
## Module Options
Type-safe options with defaults:
```ts
export interface ModuleOptions {
apiKey: string
enabled?: boolean
prefix?: string
}
export default defineNuxtModule<ModuleOptions>({
meta: {
name: 'my-module',
configKey: 'myModule',
},
defaults: {
enabled: true,
prefix: 'My',
},
setup(options, nuxt) {
// options is typed as ModuleOptions
if (!options.apiKey) {
console.warn('API key not provided')
}
},
})
```
Usage:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
modules: ['my-module'],
myModule: {
apiKey: 'xxx',
prefix: 'Custom',
},
})
```
## Local Modules
Place in `modules/` directory:
```
modules/
├── my-module/
│ ├── index.ts
│ └── runtime/
│ ├── components/
│ ├── composables/
│ └── plugin.ts
```
Auto-registered or manually added:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
modules: [
'~/modules/my-module', // Explicit
],
})
```
## Module Dependencies
```ts
export default defineNuxtModule({
meta: {
name: 'my-module',
},
moduleDependencies: {
'@nuxt/image': {
version: '>=1.0.0',
defaults: {
provider: 'ipx',
},
},
},
setup() {
// @nuxt/image is guaranteed to be installed
},
})
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/modules
- https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/modules/module-anatomy
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/kit
-->

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---
name: routing
description: File-based routing, dynamic routes, navigation, and middleware in Nuxt
---
# Routing
Nuxt uses file-system routing based on vue-router. Files in `app/pages/` automatically create routes.
## Basic Routing
```
pages/
├── index.vue → /
├── about.vue → /about
└── posts/
├── index.vue → /posts
└── [id].vue → /posts/:id
```
## Dynamic Routes
Use brackets for dynamic segments:
```
pages/
├── users/
│ └── [id].vue → /users/:id
├── posts/
│ └── [...slug].vue → /posts/* (catch-all)
└── [[optional]].vue → /:optional? (optional param)
```
Access route parameters:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const route = useRoute()
// /posts/123 → route.params.id = '123'
console.log(route.params.id)
</script>
```
## Navigation
### NuxtLink Component
```vue
<template>
<nav>
<NuxtLink to="/">Home</NuxtLink>
<NuxtLink to="/about">About</NuxtLink>
<NuxtLink :to="{ name: 'posts-id', params: { id: 1 } }">Post 1</NuxtLink>
</nav>
</template>
```
NuxtLink automatically prefetches linked pages when they enter the viewport.
### Programmatic Navigation
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const router = useRouter()
function goToPost(id: number) {
navigateTo(`/posts/${id}`)
// or
router.push({ name: 'posts-id', params: { id } })
}
</script>
```
## Route Middleware
### Named Middleware
```ts
// middleware/auth.ts
export default defineNuxtRouteMiddleware((to, from) => {
const isAuthenticated = false // Your auth logic
if (!isAuthenticated) {
return navigateTo('/login')
}
})
```
Apply to pages:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
definePageMeta({
middleware: 'auth',
// or multiple: middleware: ['auth', 'admin']
})
</script>
```
### Global Middleware
Name files with `.global` suffix:
```ts
// middleware/logging.global.ts
export default defineNuxtRouteMiddleware((to, from) => {
console.log('Navigating to:', to.path)
})
```
### Inline Middleware
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
definePageMeta({
middleware: [
function (to, from) {
// Inline middleware logic
},
],
})
</script>
```
## Page Meta
Configure page-level options:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
definePageMeta({
title: 'My Page',
layout: 'custom',
middleware: 'auth',
validate: (route) => {
// Return false for 404, or object with status/statusText
return /^\d+$/.test(route.params.id as string)
},
})
</script>
```
## Route Validation
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
definePageMeta({
validate: (route) => {
// Must return boolean or object with status
return typeof route.params.id === 'string' && /^\d+$/.test(route.params.id)
},
})
</script>
```
## Layouts
Define layouts in `app/layouts/`:
```vue
<!-- layouts/default.vue -->
<template>
<div>
<header>Header</header>
<slot />
<footer>Footer</footer>
</div>
</template>
```
```vue
<!-- layouts/admin.vue -->
<template>
<div class="admin">
<AdminSidebar />
<main>
<slot />
</main>
</div>
</template>
```
Use in pages:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
definePageMeta({
layout: 'admin',
})
</script>
```
Dynamic layout:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const layout = ref('default')
function enableAdmin() {
setPageLayout('admin')
}
</script>
```
## Navigation Hooks
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
onBeforeRouteLeave((to, from) => {
// Confirm before leaving
const answer = window.confirm('Leave?')
if (!answer) return false
})
onBeforeRouteUpdate((to, from) => {
// Called when route changes but component is reused
})
</script>
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/routing
- https://nuxt.com/docs/directory-structure/app/pages
- https://nuxt.com/docs/directory-structure/app/middleware
-->

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---
name: components-auto-imports
description: Auto-imported components, lazy loading, and hydration strategies
---
# Components Auto-imports
Nuxt automatically imports Vue components from `app/components/` directory.
## Basic Auto-imports
```
components/
├── Button.vue → <Button />
├── Card.vue → <Card />
└── AppHeader.vue → <AppHeader />
```
```vue
<template>
<!-- No imports needed -->
<AppHeader />
<Card>
<Button>Click me</Button>
</Card>
</template>
```
## Naming Conventions
### Nested Directory Names
Component names include directory path:
```
components/
├── base/
│ └── Button.vue → <BaseButton />
├── form/
│ ├── Input.vue → <FormInput />
│ └── Select.vue → <FormSelect />
└── ui/
└── modal/
└── Dialog.vue → <UiModalDialog />
```
### Disable Path Prefix
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
components: [
{
path: '~/components',
pathPrefix: false, // Use filename only
},
],
})
```
With `pathPrefix: false`:
```
components/base/Button.vue → <Button />
```
## Lazy Loading
Prefix with `Lazy` for dynamic imports:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const showChart = ref(false)
</script>
<template>
<!-- Component code loaded only when rendered -->
<LazyHeavyChart v-if="showChart" />
<button @click="showChart = true">Show Chart</button>
</template>
```
Benefits:
- Reduces initial bundle size
- Code-splits component into separate chunk
- Loads on-demand
## Lazy Hydration Strategies
Control when lazy components become interactive:
### `hydrate-on-visible`
Hydrate when component enters viewport:
```vue
<template>
<LazyComments hydrate-on-visible />
</template>
```
### `hydrate-on-idle`
Hydrate when browser is idle:
```vue
<template>
<LazyAnalytics hydrate-on-idle />
</template>
```
### `hydrate-on-interaction`
Hydrate on user interaction:
```vue
<template>
<!-- Hydrates on click, focus, or pointerenter -->
<LazyDropdown hydrate-on-interaction />
<!-- Specific event -->
<LazyTooltip hydrate-on-interaction="mouseover" />
</template>
```
### `hydrate-on-media-query`
Hydrate when media query matches:
```vue
<template>
<LazyMobileMenu hydrate-on-media-query="(max-width: 768px)" />
</template>
```
### `hydrate-after`
Hydrate after delay (milliseconds):
```vue
<template>
<LazyAds :hydrate-after="3000" />
</template>
```
### `hydrate-when`
Hydrate on condition:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const isReady = ref(false)
</script>
<template>
<LazyEditor :hydrate-when="isReady" />
</template>
```
### `hydrate-never`
Never hydrate (static only):
```vue
<template>
<LazyStaticFooter hydrate-never />
</template>
```
### Hydration Event
```vue
<template>
<LazyChart hydrate-on-visible @hydrated="onChartReady" />
</template>
<script setup>
function onChartReady() {
console.log('Chart is now interactive')
}
</script>
```
## Client/Server Components
### Client-only (`.client.vue`)
```
components/
└── BrowserChart.client.vue
```
```vue
<template>
<!-- Only rendered in browser -->
<BrowserChart />
</template>
```
### Server-only (`.server.vue`)
```
components/
└── ServerMarkdown.server.vue
```
```vue
<template>
<!-- Rendered on server, not hydrated -->
<ServerMarkdown :content="markdown" />
</template>
```
Requires experimental flag:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
experimental: {
componentIslands: true,
},
})
```
### Paired Components
```
components/
├── Comments.client.vue # Browser version
└── Comments.server.vue # SSR version
```
Server version renders during SSR, client version takes over after hydration.
## Dynamic Components
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
import { SomeComponent } from '#components'
const dynamicComponent = resolveComponent('MyButton')
</script>
<template>
<component :is="dynamicComponent" />
<component :is="SomeComponent" />
</template>
```
## Direct Imports
Bypass auto-imports when needed:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
import { LazyMountainsList, NuxtLink } from '#components'
</script>
```
## Custom Directories
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
components: [
{ path: '~/components/ui', prefix: 'Ui' },
{ path: '~/components/forms', prefix: 'Form' },
'~/components', // Default, should come last
],
})
```
## Global Components
Register globally (creates async chunks):
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
components: {
global: true,
dirs: ['~/components'],
},
})
```
Or use `.global.vue` suffix:
```
components/
└── Icon.global.vue → Available globally
```
## Disabling Component Auto-imports
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
components: {
dirs: [], // Disable auto-imports
},
})
```
## Library Authors
Register components from npm package:
```ts
// my-ui-lib/nuxt.ts
import { addComponentsDir, createResolver, defineNuxtModule } from '@nuxt/kit'
export default defineNuxtModule({
setup() {
const resolver = createResolver(import.meta.url)
addComponentsDir({
path: resolver.resolve('./components'),
prefix: 'MyUi',
})
},
})
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/directory-structure/app/components
- https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/concepts/auto-imports#auto-imported-components
-->

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---
name: built-in-components
description: NuxtLink, NuxtPage, NuxtLayout, and other built-in Nuxt components
---
# Built-in Components
Nuxt provides several built-in components for common functionality.
## NuxtLink
Optimized link component with prefetching:
```vue
<template>
<!-- Basic usage -->
<NuxtLink to="/about">About</NuxtLink>
<!-- With route object -->
<NuxtLink :to="{ name: 'posts-id', params: { id: 1 } }">Post 1</NuxtLink>
<!-- External link (opens in new tab) -->
<NuxtLink to="https://nuxt.com" external>Nuxt</NuxtLink>
<!-- Disable prefetching -->
<NuxtLink to="/heavy-page" :prefetch="false">Heavy Page</NuxtLink>
<!-- Replace history instead of push -->
<NuxtLink to="/page" replace>Replace</NuxtLink>
<!-- Custom active class -->
<NuxtLink
to="/dashboard"
active-class="text-primary"
exact-active-class="font-bold"
>
Dashboard
</NuxtLink>
</template>
```
## NuxtPage
Renders the current page component (used in layouts):
```vue
<!-- app/app.vue -->
<template>
<NuxtLayout>
<NuxtPage />
</NuxtLayout>
</template>
```
With page transitions:
```vue
<template>
<NuxtPage :transition="{ name: 'fade', mode: 'out-in' }" />
</template>
```
Pass props to page:
```vue
<template>
<NuxtPage :page-key="route.fullPath" :foobar="123" />
</template>
```
## NuxtLayout
Controls layout rendering:
```vue
<!-- app/app.vue -->
<template>
<NuxtLayout>
<NuxtPage />
</NuxtLayout>
</template>
```
Dynamic layout:
```vue
<template>
<NuxtLayout :name="layout">
<NuxtPage />
</NuxtLayout>
</template>
<script setup>
const layout = computed(() => isAdmin ? 'admin' : 'default')
</script>
```
Layout with transitions:
```vue
<template>
<NuxtLayout :transition="{ name: 'slide', mode: 'out-in' }">
<NuxtPage />
</NuxtLayout>
</template>
```
## NuxtLoadingIndicator
Progress bar for page navigation:
```vue
<!-- app/app.vue -->
<template>
<NuxtLoadingIndicator
color="repeating-linear-gradient(to right, #00dc82 0%, #34cdfe 50%, #0047e1 100%)"
:height="3"
:duration="2000"
:throttle="200"
/>
<NuxtLayout>
<NuxtPage />
</NuxtLayout>
</template>
```
## NuxtErrorBoundary
Catch and handle errors in child components:
```vue
<template>
<NuxtErrorBoundary @error="handleError">
<ComponentThatMightFail />
<template #error="{ error, clearError }">
<div class="error">
<p>Something went wrong: {{ error.message }}</p>
<button @click="clearError">Try again</button>
</div>
</template>
</NuxtErrorBoundary>
</template>
<script setup>
function handleError(error) {
console.error('Error caught:', error)
}
</script>
```
## ClientOnly
Render content only on client-side:
```vue
<template>
<ClientOnly>
<!-- Browser-only component -->
<BrowserOnlyChart :data="chartData" />
<template #fallback>
<p>Loading chart...</p>
</template>
</ClientOnly>
</template>
```
## DevOnly
Render content only in development:
```vue
<template>
<DevOnly>
<DebugPanel />
</DevOnly>
</template>
```
## NuxtIsland
Server components (experimental):
```vue
<template>
<NuxtIsland name="HeavyComponent" :props="{ data: complexData }" />
</template>
```
## NuxtImg and NuxtPicture
Optimized images (requires `@nuxt/image` module):
```vue
<template>
<!-- Basic optimized image -->
<NuxtImg src="/images/hero.jpg" width="800" height="600" />
<!-- Responsive with srcset -->
<NuxtImg
src="/images/hero.jpg"
sizes="sm:100vw md:50vw lg:400px"
:modifiers="{ format: 'webp' }"
/>
<!-- Art direction with picture -->
<NuxtPicture
src="/images/hero.jpg"
:img-attrs="{ alt: 'Hero image' }"
/>
</template>
```
## Teleport
Render content outside component tree:
```vue
<template>
<button @click="showModal = true">Open Modal</button>
<Teleport to="body">
<div v-if="showModal" class="modal">
<p>Modal content</p>
<button @click="showModal = false">Close</button>
</div>
</Teleport>
</template>
```
For SSR, use `<ClientOnly>` with Teleport:
```vue
<template>
<ClientOnly>
<Teleport to="#teleports">
<Modal />
</Teleport>
</ClientOnly>
</template>
```
## NuxtRouteAnnouncer
Accessibility: announces page changes to screen readers:
```vue
<!-- app/app.vue -->
<template>
<NuxtRouteAnnouncer />
<NuxtLayout>
<NuxtPage />
</NuxtLayout>
</template>
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/components/nuxt-link
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/components/nuxt-page
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/components/nuxt-layout
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/components/client-only
-->

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---
name: composables-auto-imports
description: Auto-imported Vue APIs, Nuxt composables, and custom utilities
---
# Composables Auto-imports
Nuxt automatically imports Vue APIs, Nuxt composables, and your custom composables/utilities.
## Built-in Auto-imports
### Vue APIs
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// No imports needed - all auto-imported
const count = ref(0)
const doubled = computed(() => count.value * 2)
watch(count, (newVal) => {
console.log('Count changed:', newVal)
})
onMounted(() => {
console.log('Component mounted')
})
// Lifecycle hooks
onBeforeMount(() => {})
onUnmounted(() => {})
onBeforeUnmount(() => {})
// Reactivity
const state = reactive({ name: 'John' })
const shallow = shallowRef({ deep: 'object' })
</script>
```
### Nuxt Composables
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// All auto-imported
const route = useRoute()
const router = useRouter()
const config = useRuntimeConfig()
const appConfig = useAppConfig()
const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
// Data fetching
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/data')
const { data: asyncData } = await useAsyncData('key', () => fetchData())
// State
const state = useState('key', () => 'initial')
const cookie = useCookie('token')
// Head/SEO
useHead({ title: 'My Page' })
useSeoMeta({ description: 'Page description' })
// Request helpers (SSR)
const headers = useRequestHeaders()
const event = useRequestEvent()
const url = useRequestURL()
</script>
```
## Custom Composables (`app/composables/`)
### Creating Composables
```ts
// composables/useCounter.ts
export function useCounter(initial = 0) {
const count = ref(initial)
const increment = () => count.value++
const decrement = () => count.value--
return { count, increment, decrement }
}
```
```ts
// composables/useAuth.ts
export function useAuth() {
const user = useState<User | null>('user', () => null)
const isLoggedIn = computed(() => !!user.value)
async function login(credentials: Credentials) {
user.value = await $fetch('/api/auth/login', {
method: 'POST',
body: credentials,
})
}
async function logout() {
await $fetch('/api/auth/logout', { method: 'POST' })
user.value = null
}
return { user, isLoggedIn, login, logout }
}
```
### Using Composables
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Auto-imported - no import statement needed
const { count, increment } = useCounter(10)
const { user, isLoggedIn, login } = useAuth()
</script>
```
### File Scanning Rules
Only top-level files are scanned:
```
composables/
├── useAuth.ts → useAuth() ✓
├── useCounter.ts → useCounter() ✓
├── index.ts → exports ✓
└── nested/
└── helper.ts → NOT auto-imported ✗
```
Re-export nested composables:
```ts
// composables/index.ts
export { useHelper } from './nested/helper'
```
Or configure scanning:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
imports: {
dirs: [
'composables',
'composables/**', // Scan all nested
],
},
})
```
## Utilities (`app/utils/`)
```ts
// utils/format.ts
export function formatDate(date: Date) {
return date.toLocaleDateString()
}
export function formatCurrency(amount: number) {
return new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US', {
style: 'currency',
currency: 'USD',
}).format(amount)
}
```
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Auto-imported
const date = formatDate(new Date())
const price = formatCurrency(99.99)
</script>
```
## Server Utils (`server/utils/`)
```ts
// server/utils/db.ts
export function useDb() {
return createDbConnection()
}
// server/utils/auth.ts
export function verifyToken(token: string) {
return jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET)
}
```
```ts
// server/api/users.ts
export default defineEventHandler(() => {
const db = useDb() // Auto-imported
return db.query('SELECT * FROM users')
})
```
## Third-party Package Imports
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
imports: {
presets: [
{
from: 'vue-i18n',
imports: ['useI18n'],
},
{
from: 'date-fns',
imports: ['format', 'parseISO', 'differenceInDays'],
},
{
from: '@vueuse/core',
imports: ['useMouse', 'useWindowSize'],
},
],
},
})
```
## Explicit Imports
Use `#imports` alias when needed:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref, computed, useFetch } from '#imports'
</script>
```
## Composable Context Rules
Nuxt composables must be called in valid context:
```ts
// ❌ Wrong - module level
const config = useRuntimeConfig()
export function useMyComposable() {}
```
```ts
// ✅ Correct - inside function
export function useMyComposable() {
const config = useRuntimeConfig()
return { apiBase: config.public.apiBase }
}
```
**Valid contexts:**
- `<script setup>` block
- `setup()` function
- `defineNuxtPlugin()` callback
- `defineNuxtRouteMiddleware()` callback
## Disabling Auto-imports
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
// Disable all auto-imports
imports: {
autoImport: false,
},
// Or disable only directory scanning (keep Vue/Nuxt imports)
imports: {
scan: false,
},
})
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/concepts/auto-imports
- https://nuxt.com/docs/directory-structure/app/composables
- https://nuxt.com/docs/directory-structure/app/utils
-->

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---
name: server-routes
description: API routes, server middleware, and Nitro server engine in Nuxt
---
# Server Routes
Nuxt includes Nitro server engine for building full-stack applications with API routes and server middleware.
## API Routes
Create files in `server/api/` directory:
```ts
// server/api/hello.ts
export default defineEventHandler((event) => {
return { message: 'Hello World' }
})
```
Access at `/api/hello`.
### HTTP Methods
```ts
// server/api/users.get.ts - GET /api/users
export default defineEventHandler(() => {
return getUsers()
})
// server/api/users.post.ts - POST /api/users
export default defineEventHandler(async (event) => {
const body = await readBody(event)
return createUser(body)
})
// server/api/users/[id].put.ts - PUT /api/users/:id
export default defineEventHandler(async (event) => {
const id = getRouterParam(event, 'id')
const body = await readBody(event)
return updateUser(id, body)
})
// server/api/users/[id].delete.ts - DELETE /api/users/:id
export default defineEventHandler((event) => {
const id = getRouterParam(event, 'id')
return deleteUser(id)
})
```
### Route Parameters
```ts
// server/api/posts/[id].ts
export default defineEventHandler((event) => {
const id = getRouterParam(event, 'id')
return getPost(id)
})
// Catch-all: server/api/[...path].ts
export default defineEventHandler((event) => {
const path = getRouterParam(event, 'path')
return { path }
})
```
### Query Parameters
```ts
// server/api/search.ts
// GET /api/search?q=nuxt&page=1
export default defineEventHandler((event) => {
const query = getQuery(event)
// { q: 'nuxt', page: '1' }
return search(query.q, Number(query.page))
})
```
### Request Body
```ts
// server/api/submit.post.ts
export default defineEventHandler(async (event) => {
const body = await readBody(event)
// Validate and process body
return { success: true, data: body }
})
```
### Headers and Cookies
```ts
// server/api/auth.ts
export default defineEventHandler((event) => {
// Read headers
const auth = getHeader(event, 'authorization')
// Read cookies
const cookies = parseCookies(event)
const token = getCookie(event, 'token')
// Set headers
setHeader(event, 'X-Custom-Header', 'value')
// Set cookies
setCookie(event, 'token', 'new-token', {
httpOnly: true,
secure: true,
maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24, // 1 day
})
return { authenticated: !!token }
})
```
## Server Middleware
Runs on every request before routes:
```ts
// server/middleware/auth.ts
export default defineEventHandler((event) => {
const token = getCookie(event, 'token')
// Attach data to event context
event.context.user = token ? verifyToken(token) : null
})
// server/middleware/log.ts
export default defineEventHandler((event) => {
console.log(`${event.method} ${event.path}`)
})
```
Access context in routes:
```ts
// server/api/profile.ts
export default defineEventHandler((event) => {
const user = event.context.user
if (!user) {
throw createError({ statusCode: 401, message: 'Unauthorized' })
}
return user
})
```
## Error Handling
```ts
// server/api/users/[id].ts
export default defineEventHandler((event) => {
const id = getRouterParam(event, 'id')
const user = findUser(id)
if (!user) {
throw createError({
statusCode: 404,
statusMessage: 'User not found',
})
}
return user
})
```
## Server Utils
Auto-imported in `server/utils/`:
```ts
// server/utils/db.ts
export function useDb() {
return createDbConnection()
}
```
```ts
// server/api/users.ts
export default defineEventHandler(() => {
const db = useDb() // Auto-imported
return db.query('SELECT * FROM users')
})
```
## Server Plugins
Run once when server starts:
```ts
// server/plugins/db.ts
export default defineNitroPlugin((nitroApp) => {
// Initialize database connection
const db = createDbConnection()
// Add to context
nitroApp.hooks.hook('request', (event) => {
event.context.db = db
})
})
```
## Streaming Responses
```ts
// server/api/stream.ts
export default defineEventHandler((event) => {
setHeader(event, 'Content-Type', 'text/event-stream')
setHeader(event, 'Cache-Control', 'no-cache')
setHeader(event, 'Connection', 'keep-alive')
const stream = new ReadableStream({
async start(controller) {
for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
controller.enqueue(`data: ${JSON.stringify({ count: i })}\n\n`)
await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 1000))
}
controller.close()
},
})
return stream
})
```
## Server Storage
Key-value storage with multiple drivers:
```ts
// server/api/cache.ts
export default defineEventHandler(async (event) => {
const storage = useStorage()
// Set value
await storage.setItem('key', { data: 'value' })
// Get value
const data = await storage.getItem('key')
return data
})
```
Configure storage drivers in `nuxt.config.ts`:
```ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
nitro: {
storage: {
redis: {
driver: 'redis',
url: 'redis://localhost:6379',
},
},
},
})
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/server
- https://nuxt.com/docs/directory-structure/server
- https://nitro.build/guide
-->

View File

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---
name: state-management
description: useState composable and SSR-friendly state management in Nuxt
---
# State Management
Nuxt provides `useState` for SSR-friendly reactive state that persists across components.
## useState
SSR-safe replacement for `ref` that shares state across components:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// State is shared by key 'counter' across all components
const counter = useState('counter', () => 0)
</script>
<template>
<div>
Counter: {{ counter }}
<button @click="counter++">+</button>
<button @click="counter--">-</button>
</div>
</template>
```
## Creating Shared State
Define reusable state composables:
```ts
// composables/useUser.ts
export function useUser() {
return useState<User | null>('user', () => null)
}
export function useLocale() {
return useState('locale', () => 'en')
}
```
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// Same state instance everywhere
const user = useUser()
const locale = useLocale()
</script>
```
## Initializing State
Use `callOnce` to initialize state with async data:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const config = useState('site-config')
await callOnce(async () => {
config.value = await $fetch('/api/config')
})
</script>
```
## Best Practices
### ❌ Don't Define State Outside Setup
```ts
// ❌ Wrong - causes memory leaks and shared state across requests
export const globalState = ref({ user: null })
```
### ✅ Use useState Instead
```ts
// ✅ Correct - SSR-safe
export const useGlobalState = () => useState('global', () => ({ user: null }))
```
## Clearing State
```ts
// Clear specific state
clearNuxtState('counter')
// Clear multiple states
clearNuxtState(['counter', 'user'])
// Clear all state (use with caution)
clearNuxtState()
```
## With Pinia
For complex state management, use Pinia:
```bash
npx nuxi module add pinia
```
```ts
// stores/counter.ts
export const useCounterStore = defineStore('counter', {
state: () => ({
count: 0,
}),
actions: {
increment() {
this.count++
},
},
})
```
```ts
// stores/user.ts (Composition API style)
export const useUserStore = defineStore('user', () => {
const user = ref<User | null>(null)
const isLoggedIn = computed(() => !!user.value)
async function login(credentials: Credentials) {
user.value = await $fetch('/api/login', {
method: 'POST',
body: credentials,
})
}
return { user, isLoggedIn, login }
})
```
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
const counterStore = useCounterStore()
const userStore = useUserStore()
// Initialize store data once
await callOnce(async () => {
await userStore.fetchUser()
})
</script>
```
## Advanced: Locale Example
```ts
// composables/useLocale.ts
export function useLocale() {
return useState('locale', () => useDefaultLocale().value)
}
export function useDefaultLocale(fallback = 'en-US') {
const locale = ref(fallback)
if (import.meta.server) {
const reqLocale = useRequestHeaders()['accept-language']?.split(',')[0]
if (reqLocale) locale.value = reqLocale
}
else if (import.meta.client) {
const navLang = navigator.language
if (navLang) locale.value = navLang
}
return locale
}
```
## State Serialization
`useState` values are serialized to JSON. Avoid:
- Functions
- Classes
- Symbols
- Circular references
```ts
// ❌ Won't work
useState('fn', () => () => console.log('hi'))
useState('instance', () => new MyClass())
// ✅ Works
useState('data', () => ({ name: 'John', age: 30 }))
useState('items', () => ['a', 'b', 'c'])
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/state-management
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/composables/use-state
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/utils/clear-nuxt-state
-->

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
---
name: rendering-modes
description: Universal rendering, client-side rendering, and hybrid rendering in Nuxt
---
# Rendering Modes
Nuxt supports multiple rendering modes: universal (SSR), client-side (CSR), and hybrid rendering.
## Universal Rendering (Default)
Server renders HTML, then hydrates on client:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts - this is the default
export default defineNuxtConfig({
ssr: true,
})
```
**Benefits:**
- Fast initial page load (HTML is ready)
- SEO-friendly (content is in HTML)
- Works without JavaScript initially
**How it works:**
1. Server executes Vue code, generates HTML
2. Browser displays HTML immediately
3. JavaScript loads and hydrates the page
4. Page becomes fully interactive
## Client-Side Rendering
Render entirely in the browser:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
ssr: false,
})
```
**Benefits:**
- Simpler development (no SSR constraints)
- Cheaper hosting (static files only)
- Works offline
**Use cases:**
- Admin dashboards
- SaaS applications
- Apps behind authentication
### SPA Loading Template
Provide loading UI while app hydrates:
```html
<!-- app/spa-loading-template.html -->
<div class="loading">
<div class="spinner"></div>
<p>Loading...</p>
</div>
<style>
.loading {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
height: 100vh;
}
.spinner {
width: 40px;
height: 40px;
border: 4px solid #f3f3f3;
border-top: 4px solid #00dc82;
border-radius: 50%;
animation: spin 1s linear infinite;
}
@keyframes spin {
to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}
</style>
```
## Hybrid Rendering
Mix rendering modes per route using route rules:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
routeRules: {
// Static pages - prerendered at build
'/': { prerender: true },
'/about': { prerender: true },
// ISR - regenerate in background
'/blog/**': { isr: 3600 }, // Cache for 1 hour
'/products/**': { swr: true }, // Stale-while-revalidate
// Client-only rendering
'/admin/**': { ssr: false },
'/dashboard/**': { ssr: false },
// Server-rendered (default)
'/api/**': { cors: true },
},
})
```
### Route Rules Reference
| Rule | Description |
|------|-------------|
| `prerender: true` | Pre-render at build time |
| `ssr: false` | Client-side only |
| `swr: number \| true` | Stale-while-revalidate caching |
| `isr: number \| true` | Incremental static regeneration |
| `cache: { maxAge: number }` | Cache with TTL |
| `redirect: string` | Redirect to another path |
| `cors: true` | Add CORS headers |
| `headers: object` | Custom response headers |
### Inline Route Rules
Define per-page:
```vue
<script setup lang="ts">
defineRouteRules({
prerender: true,
})
</script>
```
## Prerendering
Generate static HTML at build time:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
// Prerender specific routes
routeRules: {
'/': { prerender: true },
'/about': { prerender: true },
'/posts/*': { prerender: true },
},
})
```
Or use `nuxt generate`:
```bash
nuxt generate
```
### Programmatic Prerendering
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
hooks: {
'prerender:routes'({ routes }) {
// Add dynamic routes
const posts = await fetchPostSlugs()
for (const slug of posts) {
routes.add(`/posts/${slug}`)
}
},
},
})
```
Or in pages:
```ts
// server/api/posts.ts or a plugin
prerenderRoutes(['/posts/1', '/posts/2', '/posts/3'])
```
## Edge-Side Rendering
Render at CDN edge servers:
```ts
// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
nitro: {
preset: 'cloudflare-pages', // or 'vercel-edge', 'netlify-edge'
},
})
```
Supported platforms:
- Cloudflare Pages/Workers
- Vercel Edge Functions
- Netlify Edge Functions
## Conditional Rendering
Use `import.meta.server` and `import.meta.client`:
```vue
<script setup>
if (import.meta.server) {
// Server-only code
console.log('Running on server')
}
if (import.meta.client) {
// Client-only code
console.log('Running in browser')
}
</script>
```
For components:
```vue
<template>
<ClientOnly>
<BrowserOnlyComponent />
<template #fallback>
<p>Loading...</p>
</template>
</ClientOnly>
</template>
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/concepts/rendering
- https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/prerendering
- https://nuxt.com/docs/api/nuxt-config#routerules
-->

View File

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---
name: playwright-generate-test
description: 'Generate a Playwright test based on a scenario using Playwright MCP'
---
# Test Generation with Playwright MCP
Your goal is to generate a Playwright test based on the provided scenario after completing all prescribed steps.
## Specific Instructions
- You are given a scenario, and you need to generate a playwright test for it. If the user does not provide a scenario, you will ask them to provide one.
- DO NOT generate test code prematurely or based solely on the scenario without completing all prescribed steps.
- DO run steps one by one using the tools provided by the Playwright MCP.
- Only after all steps are completed, emit a Playwright TypeScript test that uses `@playwright/test` based on message history
- Save generated test file in the tests directory
- Execute the test file and iterate until the test passes

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
# Generation Info
- **Source:** `sources/pnpm`
- **Git SHA:** `a1d6d5aef9d5f369fa2f0d8a54f1edbaff8b23b3`
- **Generated:** 2026-01-28

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
---
name: pnpm
description: Node.js package manager with strict dependency resolution. Use when running pnpm specific commands, configuring workspaces, or managing dependencies with catalogs, patches, or overrides.
metadata:
author: Anthony Fu
version: "2026.1.28"
source: Generated from https://github.com/pnpm/pnpm, scripts located at https://github.com/antfu/skills
---
pnpm is a fast, disk space efficient package manager. It uses a content-addressable store to deduplicate packages across all projects on a machine, saving significant disk space. pnpm enforces strict dependency resolution by default, preventing phantom dependencies. Configuration should preferably be placed in `pnpm-workspace.yaml` for pnpm-specific settings.
**Important:** When working with pnpm projects, agents should check for `pnpm-workspace.yaml` and `.npmrc` files to understand workspace structure and configuration. Always use `--frozen-lockfile` in CI environments.
> The skill is based on pnpm 10.x, generated at 2026-01-28.
## Core
| Topic | Description | Reference |
|-------|-------------|-----------|
| CLI Commands | Install, add, remove, update, run, exec, dlx, and workspace commands | [core-cli](references/core-cli.md) |
| Configuration | pnpm-workspace.yaml, .npmrc settings, and package.json fields | [core-config](references/core-config.md) |
| Workspaces | Monorepo support with filtering, workspace protocol, and shared lockfile | [core-workspaces](references/core-workspaces.md) |
| Store | Content-addressable storage, hard links, and disk efficiency | [core-store](references/core-store.md) |
## Features
| Topic | Description | Reference |
|-------|-------------|-----------|
| Catalogs | Centralized dependency version management for workspaces | [features-catalogs](references/features-catalogs.md) |
| Overrides | Force specific versions of dependencies including transitive | [features-overrides](references/features-overrides.md) |
| Patches | Modify third-party packages with custom fixes | [features-patches](references/features-patches.md) |
| Aliases | Install packages under custom names using npm: protocol | [features-aliases](references/features-aliases.md) |
| Hooks | Customize resolution with .pnpmfile.cjs hooks | [features-hooks](references/features-hooks.md) |
| Peer Dependencies | Auto-install, strict mode, and dependency rules | [features-peer-deps](references/features-peer-deps.md) |
## Best Practices
| Topic | Description | Reference |
|-------|-------------|-----------|
| CI/CD Setup | GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, Docker, and caching strategies | [best-practices-ci](references/best-practices-ci.md) |
| Migration | Migrating from npm/Yarn, handling phantom deps, monorepo migration | [best-practices-migration](references/best-practices-migration.md) |
| Performance | Install optimizations, store caching, workspace parallelization | [best-practices-performance](references/best-practices-performance.md) |

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@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
---
name: pnpm-ci-cd-setup
description: Optimizing pnpm for continuous integration and deployment workflows
---
# pnpm CI/CD Setup
Best practices for using pnpm in CI/CD environments for fast, reliable builds.
## GitHub Actions
### Basic Setup
```yaml
name: CI
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
with:
version: 9
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: 20
cache: 'pnpm'
- run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
- run: pnpm test
- run: pnpm build
```
### With Store Caching
For larger projects, cache the pnpm store:
```yaml
- uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
with:
version: 9
- name: Get pnpm store directory
shell: bash
run: |
echo "STORE_PATH=$(pnpm store path --silent)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
- uses: actions/cache@v4
name: Setup pnpm cache
with:
path: ${{ env.STORE_PATH }}
key: ${{ runner.os }}-pnpm-store-${{ hashFiles('**/pnpm-lock.yaml') }}
restore-keys: |
${{ runner.os }}-pnpm-store-
- run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
```
### Matrix Testing
```yaml
jobs:
test:
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
strategy:
matrix:
os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
node: [18, 20, 22]
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: ${{ matrix.node }}
cache: 'pnpm'
- run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
- run: pnpm test
```
## GitLab CI
```yaml
image: node:20
stages:
- install
- test
- build
variables:
PNPM_HOME: /root/.local/share/pnpm
PATH: $PNPM_HOME:$PATH
before_script:
- corepack enable
- corepack prepare pnpm@latest --activate
cache:
key: ${CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG}
paths:
- .pnpm-store
install:
stage: install
script:
- pnpm config set store-dir .pnpm-store
- pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
test:
stage: test
script:
- pnpm test
build:
stage: build
script:
- pnpm build
```
## Docker
### Multi-Stage Build
```dockerfile
# Build stage
FROM node:20-slim AS builder
# Enable corepack for pnpm
RUN corepack enable
WORKDIR /app
# Copy package files first for layer caching
COPY package.json pnpm-lock.yaml pnpm-workspace.yaml ./
COPY packages/*/package.json ./packages/
# Install dependencies
RUN pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
# Copy source and build
COPY . .
RUN pnpm build
# Production stage
FROM node:20-slim AS runner
RUN corepack enable
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=builder /app/package.json ./
COPY --from=builder /app/pnpm-lock.yaml ./
# Production install
RUN pnpm install --frozen-lockfile --prod
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]
```
### Optimized for Monorepos
```dockerfile
FROM node:20-slim AS builder
RUN corepack enable
WORKDIR /app
# Copy workspace config
COPY pnpm-lock.yaml pnpm-workspace.yaml ./
# Copy all package.json files maintaining structure
COPY packages/core/package.json ./packages/core/
COPY packages/api/package.json ./packages/api/
# Install all dependencies
RUN pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
# Copy source
COPY . .
# Build specific package
RUN pnpm --filter @myorg/api build
```
## Key CI Flags
### --frozen-lockfile
**Always use in CI.** Fails if `pnpm-lock.yaml` needs updates:
```bash
pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
```
### --prefer-offline
Use cached packages when available:
```bash
pnpm install --frozen-lockfile --prefer-offline
```
### --ignore-scripts
Skip lifecycle scripts for faster installs (use cautiously):
```bash
pnpm install --frozen-lockfile --ignore-scripts
```
## Corepack Integration
Use Corepack to manage pnpm version:
```json
// package.json
{
"packageManager": "pnpm@9.0.0"
}
```
```yaml
# GitHub Actions
- run: corepack enable
- run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
```
## Monorepo CI Strategies
### Build Changed Packages Only
```yaml
- name: Build changed packages
run: |
pnpm --filter "...[origin/main]" build
```
### Parallel Jobs per Package
```yaml
jobs:
detect-changes:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
outputs:
packages: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.packages }}
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
with:
fetch-depth: 0
- id: changes
run: |
echo "packages=$(pnpm --filter '...[origin/main]' list --json | jq -c '[.[].name]')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
test:
needs: detect-changes
if: needs.detect-changes.outputs.packages != '[]'
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
strategy:
matrix:
package: ${{ fromJson(needs.detect-changes.outputs.packages) }}
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
- run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
- run: pnpm --filter ${{ matrix.package }} test
```
## Best Practices Summary
1. **Always use `--frozen-lockfile`** in CI
2. **Cache the pnpm store** for faster installs
3. **Use Corepack** for consistent pnpm versions
4. **Specify `packageManager`** in package.json
5. **Use `--filter`** in monorepos to build only what changed
6. **Multi-stage Docker builds** for smaller images
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/continuous-integration
- https://github.com/pnpm/action-setup
-->

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@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
---
name: migration-to-pnpm
description: Migrating from npm or Yarn to pnpm with minimal friction
---
# Migration to pnpm
Guide for migrating existing projects from npm or Yarn to pnpm.
## Quick Migration
### From npm
```bash
# Remove npm lockfile and node_modules
rm -rf node_modules package-lock.json
# Install with pnpm
pnpm install
```
### From Yarn
```bash
# Remove yarn lockfile and node_modules
rm -rf node_modules yarn.lock
# Install with pnpm
pnpm install
```
### Import Existing Lockfile
pnpm can import existing lockfiles:
```bash
# Import from npm or yarn lockfile
pnpm import
# This creates pnpm-lock.yaml from:
# - package-lock.json (npm)
# - yarn.lock (yarn)
# - npm-shrinkwrap.json (npm)
```
## Handling Common Issues
### Phantom Dependencies
pnpm is strict about dependencies. If code imports a package not in `package.json`, it will fail.
**Problem:**
```js
// Works with npm (hoisted), fails with pnpm
import lodash from 'lodash' // Not in dependencies, installed by another package
```
**Solution:** Add missing dependencies explicitly:
```bash
pnpm add lodash
```
### Missing Peer Dependencies
pnpm reports peer dependency issues by default.
**Option 1:** Let pnpm auto-install:
```ini
# .npmrc (default in pnpm v8+)
auto-install-peers=true
```
**Option 2:** Install manually:
```bash
pnpm add react react-dom
```
**Option 3:** Suppress warnings if acceptable:
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"peerDependencyRules": {
"ignoreMissing": ["react"]
}
}
}
```
### Symlink Issues
Some tools don't work with symlinks. Use hoisted mode:
```ini
# .npmrc
node-linker=hoisted
```
Or hoist specific packages:
```ini
public-hoist-pattern[]=*eslint*
public-hoist-pattern[]=*babel*
```
### Native Module Rebuilds
If native modules fail, try:
```bash
# Rebuild all native modules
pnpm rebuild
# Or reinstall
rm -rf node_modules
pnpm install
```
## Monorepo Migration
### From npm Workspaces
1. Create `pnpm-workspace.yaml`:
```yaml
packages:
- 'packages/*'
```
2. Update internal dependencies to use workspace protocol:
```json
{
"dependencies": {
"@myorg/utils": "workspace:^"
}
}
```
3. Install:
```bash
rm -rf node_modules packages/*/node_modules package-lock.json
pnpm install
```
### From Yarn Workspaces
1. Remove Yarn-specific files:
```bash
rm yarn.lock .yarnrc.yml
rm -rf .yarn
```
2. Create `pnpm-workspace.yaml` matching `workspaces` in package.json:
```yaml
packages:
- 'packages/*'
```
3. Update `package.json` - remove Yarn workspace config if not needed:
```json
{
// Remove "workspaces" field (optional, pnpm uses pnpm-workspace.yaml)
}
```
4. Convert workspace references:
```json
// From Yarn
"@myorg/utils": "*"
// To pnpm
"@myorg/utils": "workspace:*"
```
### From Lerna
pnpm can replace Lerna for most use cases:
```bash
# Lerna: run script in all packages
lerna run build
# pnpm equivalent
pnpm -r run build
# Lerna: run in specific package
lerna run build --scope=@myorg/app
# pnpm equivalent
pnpm --filter @myorg/app run build
# Lerna: publish
lerna publish
# pnpm: use changesets instead
pnpm add -Dw @changesets/cli
pnpm changeset
pnpm changeset version
pnpm publish -r
```
## Configuration Migration
### .npmrc Settings
Most npm/Yarn settings work in pnpm's `.npmrc`:
```ini
# Registry settings (same as npm)
registry=https://registry.npmjs.org/
@myorg:registry=https://npm.myorg.com/
# Auth tokens (same as npm)
//registry.npmjs.org/:_authToken=${NPM_TOKEN}
# pnpm-specific additions
auto-install-peers=true
strict-peer-dependencies=false
```
### Scripts Migration
Most scripts work unchanged. Update pnpm-specific patterns:
```json
{
"scripts": {
// npm: recursive scripts
"build:all": "npm run build --workspaces",
// pnpm: use -r flag
"build:all": "pnpm -r run build",
// npm: run in specific workspace
"dev:app": "npm run dev -w packages/app",
// pnpm: use --filter
"dev:app": "pnpm --filter @myorg/app run dev"
}
}
```
## CI/CD Migration
Update CI configuration:
```yaml
# Before (npm)
- run: npm ci
# After (pnpm)
- uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
- run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
```
Add to `package.json` for Corepack:
```json
{
"packageManager": "pnpm@9.0.0"
}
```
## Gradual Migration
For large projects, migrate gradually:
1. **Start with CI**: Use pnpm in CI, keep npm/yarn locally
2. **Add pnpm-lock.yaml**: Run `pnpm import` to create lockfile
3. **Test thoroughly**: Ensure builds work with pnpm
4. **Update documentation**: Update README, CONTRIBUTING
5. **Remove old files**: Delete old lockfiles after team adoption
## Rollback Plan
If migration causes issues:
```bash
# Remove pnpm files
rm -rf node_modules pnpm-lock.yaml pnpm-workspace.yaml
# Restore npm
npm install
# Or restore Yarn
yarn install
```
Keep old lockfile in git history for easy rollback.
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/installation
- https://pnpm.io/cli/import
- https://pnpm.io/limitations
-->

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@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
---
name: pnpm-performance-optimization
description: Tips and tricks for faster installs and better performance
---
# pnpm Performance Optimization
pnpm is fast by default, but these optimizations can make it even faster.
## Install Optimizations
### Use Frozen Lockfile
Skip resolution when lockfile exists:
```bash
pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
```
This is faster because pnpm skips the resolution phase entirely.
### Prefer Offline Mode
Use cached packages when available:
```bash
pnpm install --prefer-offline
```
Or configure globally:
```ini
# .npmrc
prefer-offline=true
```
### Skip Optional Dependencies
If you don't need optional deps:
```bash
pnpm install --no-optional
```
### Skip Scripts
For CI or when scripts aren't needed:
```bash
pnpm install --ignore-scripts
```
**Caution:** Some packages require postinstall scripts to work correctly.
### Only Build Specific Dependencies
Only run build scripts for specific packages:
```ini
# .npmrc
onlyBuiltDependencies[]=esbuild
onlyBuiltDependencies[]=sharp
onlyBuiltDependencies[]=@swc/core
```
Or skip builds entirely for deps that don't need them:
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"neverBuiltDependencies": ["fsevents", "cpu-features"]
}
}
```
## Store Optimizations
### Side Effects Cache
Cache native module build results:
```ini
# .npmrc
side-effects-cache=true
```
This caches the results of postinstall scripts, speeding up subsequent installs.
### Shared Store
Use a single store for all projects (default behavior):
```ini
# .npmrc
store-dir=~/.pnpm-store
```
Benefits:
- Packages downloaded once for all projects
- Hard links save disk space
- Faster installs from cache
### Store Maintenance
Periodically clean unused packages:
```bash
# Remove unreferenced packages
pnpm store prune
# Check store integrity
pnpm store status
```
## Workspace Optimizations
### Parallel Execution
Run workspace scripts in parallel:
```bash
pnpm -r --parallel run build
```
Control concurrency:
```ini
# .npmrc
workspace-concurrency=8
```
### Stream Output
See output in real-time:
```bash
pnpm -r --stream run build
```
### Filter to Changed Packages
Only build what changed:
```bash
# Build packages changed since main branch
pnpm --filter "...[origin/main]" run build
```
### Topological Order
Build dependencies before dependents:
```bash
pnpm -r run build
# Automatically runs in topological order
```
For explicit sequential builds:
```bash
pnpm -r --workspace-concurrency=1 run build
```
## Network Optimizations
### Configure Registry
Use closest/fastest registry:
```ini
# .npmrc
registry=https://registry.npmmirror.com/
```
### HTTP Settings
Tune network settings:
```ini
# .npmrc
fetch-retries=3
fetch-retry-mintimeout=10000
fetch-retry-maxtimeout=60000
network-concurrency=16
```
### Proxy Configuration
```ini
# .npmrc
proxy=http://proxy.company.com:8080
https-proxy=http://proxy.company.com:8080
```
## Lockfile Optimization
### Single Lockfile (Monorepos)
Use shared lockfile for all packages (default):
```ini
# .npmrc
shared-workspace-lockfile=true
```
Benefits:
- Single source of truth
- Faster resolution
- Consistent versions across workspace
### Lockfile-only Mode
Only update lockfile without installing:
```bash
pnpm install --lockfile-only
```
## Benchmarking
### Compare Install Times
```bash
# Clean install
rm -rf node_modules pnpm-lock.yaml
time pnpm install
# Cached install (with lockfile)
rm -rf node_modules
time pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
# With store cache
time pnpm install --frozen-lockfile --prefer-offline
```
### Profile Resolution
Debug slow installs:
```bash
# Verbose logging
pnpm install --reporter=append-only
# Debug mode
DEBUG=pnpm:* pnpm install
```
## Configuration Summary
Optimized `.npmrc` for performance:
```ini
# Install behavior
prefer-offline=true
auto-install-peers=true
# Build optimization
side-effects-cache=true
# Only build what's necessary
onlyBuiltDependencies[]=esbuild
onlyBuiltDependencies[]=@swc/core
# Network
fetch-retries=3
network-concurrency=16
# Workspace
workspace-concurrency=4
```
## Quick Reference
| Scenario | Command/Setting |
|----------|-----------------|
| CI installs | `pnpm install --frozen-lockfile` |
| Offline development | `--prefer-offline` |
| Skip native builds | `neverBuiltDependencies` |
| Parallel workspace | `pnpm -r --parallel run build` |
| Build changed only | `pnpm --filter "...[origin/main]" build` |
| Clean store | `pnpm store prune` |
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/npmrc
- https://pnpm.io/cli/install
- https://pnpm.io/filtering
-->

View File

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---
name: pnpm-cli-commands
description: Essential pnpm commands for package management, running scripts, and workspace operations
---
# pnpm CLI Commands
pnpm provides a comprehensive CLI for package management with commands similar to npm/yarn but with unique features.
## Installation Commands
### Install all dependencies
```bash
pnpm install
# or
pnpm i
```
### Add a dependency
```bash
# Production dependency
pnpm add <pkg>
# Dev dependency
pnpm add -D <pkg>
pnpm add --save-dev <pkg>
# Optional dependency
pnpm add -O <pkg>
# Global package
pnpm add -g <pkg>
# Specific version
pnpm add <pkg>@<version>
pnpm add <pkg>@next
pnpm add <pkg>@^1.0.0
```
### Remove a dependency
```bash
pnpm remove <pkg>
pnpm rm <pkg>
pnpm uninstall <pkg>
pnpm un <pkg>
```
### Update dependencies
```bash
# Update all
pnpm update
pnpm up
# Update specific package
pnpm update <pkg>
# Update to latest (ignore semver)
pnpm update --latest
pnpm up -L
# Interactive update
pnpm update --interactive
pnpm up -i
```
## Script Commands
### Run scripts
```bash
pnpm run <script>
# or shorthand
pnpm <script>
# Pass arguments to script
pnpm run build -- --watch
# Run script if exists (no error if missing)
pnpm run --if-present build
```
### Execute binaries
```bash
# Run local binary
pnpm exec <command>
# Example
pnpm exec eslint .
```
### dlx - Run without installing
```bash
# Like npx but for pnpm
pnpm dlx <pkg>
# Examples
pnpm dlx create-vite my-app
pnpm dlx degit user/repo my-project
```
## Workspace Commands
### Run in all packages
```bash
# Run script in all workspace packages
pnpm -r run <script>
pnpm --recursive run <script>
# Run in specific packages
pnpm --filter <pattern> run <script>
# Examples
pnpm --filter "./packages/**" run build
pnpm --filter "!./packages/internal/**" run test
pnpm --filter "@myorg/*" run lint
```
### Filter patterns
```bash
# By package name
pnpm --filter <pkg-name> <command>
pnpm --filter "@scope/pkg" build
# By directory
pnpm --filter "./packages/core" test
# Dependencies of a package
pnpm --filter "...@scope/app" build
# Dependents of a package
pnpm --filter "@scope/core..." test
# Changed packages since commit/branch
pnpm --filter "...[origin/main]" build
```
## Other Useful Commands
### Link packages
```bash
# Link global package
pnpm link --global
pnpm link -g
# Use linked package
pnpm link --global <pkg>
```
### Patch packages
```bash
# Create patch for a package
pnpm patch <pkg>@<version>
# After editing, commit the patch
pnpm patch-commit <path>
# Remove a patch
pnpm patch-remove <pkg>
```
### Store management
```bash
# Show store path
pnpm store path
# Remove unreferenced packages
pnpm store prune
# Check store integrity
pnpm store status
```
### Other commands
```bash
# Clean install (like npm ci)
pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
# List installed packages
pnpm list
pnpm ls
# Why is package installed?
pnpm why <pkg>
# Outdated packages
pnpm outdated
# Audit for vulnerabilities
pnpm audit
# Rebuild native modules
pnpm rebuild
# Import from npm/yarn lockfile
pnpm import
# Create tarball
pnpm pack
# Publish package
pnpm publish
```
## Useful Flags
```bash
# Ignore scripts
pnpm install --ignore-scripts
# Prefer offline (use cache)
pnpm install --prefer-offline
# Strict peer dependencies
pnpm install --strict-peer-dependencies
# Production only
pnpm install --prod
pnpm install -P
# No optional dependencies
pnpm install --no-optional
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/cli/install
- https://pnpm.io/cli/add
- https://pnpm.io/cli/run
- https://pnpm.io/filtering
-->

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---
name: pnpm-configuration
description: Configuration options via pnpm-workspace.yaml and .npmrc settings
---
# pnpm Configuration
pnpm uses two main configuration files: `pnpm-workspace.yaml` for workspace and pnpm-specific settings, and `.npmrc` for npm-compatible and pnpm-specific settings.
## pnpm-workspace.yaml
The recommended location for pnpm-specific configurations. Place at project root.
```yaml
# Define workspace packages
packages:
- 'packages/*'
- 'apps/*'
- '!**/test/**' # Exclude pattern
# Catalog for shared dependency versions
catalog:
react: ^18.2.0
typescript: ~5.3.0
# Named catalogs for different dependency groups
catalogs:
react17:
react: ^17.0.2
react-dom: ^17.0.2
react18:
react: ^18.2.0
react-dom: ^18.2.0
# Override resolutions (preferred location)
overrides:
lodash: ^4.17.21
'foo@^1.0.0>bar': ^2.0.0
# pnpm settings (alternative to .npmrc)
settings:
auto-install-peers: true
strict-peer-dependencies: false
link-workspace-packages: true
prefer-workspace-packages: true
shared-workspace-lockfile: true
```
## .npmrc Settings
pnpm reads settings from `.npmrc` files. Create at project root or user home.
### Common pnpm Settings
```ini
# Automatically install peer dependencies
auto-install-peers=true
# Fail on peer dependency issues
strict-peer-dependencies=false
# Hoist patterns for dependencies
public-hoist-pattern[]=*types*
public-hoist-pattern[]=*eslint*
shamefully-hoist=false
# Store location
store-dir=~/.pnpm-store
# Virtual store location
virtual-store-dir=node_modules/.pnpm
# Lockfile settings
lockfile=true
prefer-frozen-lockfile=true
# Side effects cache (speeds up rebuilds)
side-effects-cache=true
# Registry settings
registry=https://registry.npmjs.org/
@myorg:registry=https://npm.myorg.com/
```
### Workspace Settings
```ini
# Link workspace packages
link-workspace-packages=true
# Prefer workspace packages over registry
prefer-workspace-packages=true
# Single lockfile for all packages
shared-workspace-lockfile=true
# Save prefix for workspace dependencies
save-workspace-protocol=rolling
```
### Node.js Settings
```ini
# Use specific Node.js version
use-node-version=20.10.0
# Node.js version file
node-version-file=.nvmrc
# Manage Node.js versions
manage-package-manager-versions=true
```
### Security Settings
```ini
# Ignore specific scripts
ignore-scripts=false
# Allow specific build scripts
onlyBuiltDependencies[]=esbuild
onlyBuiltDependencies[]=sharp
# Package extensions for missing peer deps
package-extensions[foo@1].peerDependencies.bar=*
```
## Configuration Hierarchy
Settings are read in order (later overrides earlier):
1. `/etc/npmrc` - Global config
2. `~/.npmrc` - User config
3. `<project>/.npmrc` - Project config
4. Environment variables: `npm_config_<key>=<value>`
5. `pnpm-workspace.yaml` settings field
## Environment Variables
```bash
# Set config via env
npm_config_registry=https://registry.npmjs.org/
# pnpm-specific env vars
PNPM_HOME=~/.local/share/pnpm
```
## Package.json Fields
pnpm reads specific fields from `package.json`:
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"overrides": {
"lodash": "^4.17.21"
},
"peerDependencyRules": {
"ignoreMissing": ["@babel/*"],
"allowedVersions": {
"react": "17 || 18"
}
},
"neverBuiltDependencies": ["fsevents"],
"onlyBuiltDependencies": ["esbuild"],
"allowedDeprecatedVersions": {
"request": "*"
},
"patchedDependencies": {
"express@4.18.2": "patches/express@4.18.2.patch"
}
}
}
```
## Key Differences from npm/yarn
1. **Strict by default**: No phantom dependencies
2. **Workspace protocol**: `workspace:*` for local packages
3. **Catalogs**: Centralized version management
4. **Content-addressable store**: Shared across projects
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/pnpm-workspace_yaml
- https://pnpm.io/npmrc
- https://pnpm.io/package_json
-->

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---
name: pnpm-store
description: Content-addressable storage system that makes pnpm fast and disk-efficient
---
# pnpm Store
pnpm uses a content-addressable store to save disk space and speed up installations. All packages are stored once globally and hard-linked to project `node_modules`.
## How It Works
1. **Global Store**: Packages are downloaded once to a central store
2. **Hard Links**: Projects link to store instead of copying files
3. **Content-Addressable**: Files are stored by content hash, deduplicating identical files
### Storage Layout
```
~/.pnpm-store/ # Global store (default location)
└── v3/
└── files/
└── <hash>/ # Files stored by content hash
project/
└── node_modules/
├── .pnpm/ # Virtual store (hard links to global store)
│ ├── lodash@4.17.21/
│ │ └── node_modules/
│ │ └── lodash/
│ └── express@4.18.2/
│ └── node_modules/
│ ├── express/
│ └── <deps>/ # Flat structure for dependencies
├── lodash -> .pnpm/lodash@4.17.21/node_modules/lodash
└── express -> .pnpm/express@4.18.2/node_modules/express
```
## Store Commands
```bash
# Show store location
pnpm store path
# Remove unreferenced packages
pnpm store prune
# Check store integrity
pnpm store status
# Add package to store without installing
pnpm store add <pkg>
```
## Configuration
### Store Location
```ini
# .npmrc
store-dir=~/.pnpm-store
# Or use environment variable
PNPM_HOME=~/.local/share/pnpm
```
### Virtual Store
The virtual store (`.pnpm` in `node_modules`) contains symlinks to the global store:
```ini
# Customize virtual store location
virtual-store-dir=node_modules/.pnpm
# Alternative flat layout
node-linker=hoisted
```
## Disk Space Benefits
pnpm saves significant disk space:
- **Deduplication**: Same package version stored once across all projects
- **Content deduplication**: Identical files across different packages stored once
- **Hard links**: No copying, just linking
### Check disk usage
```bash
# Compare actual vs apparent size
du -sh node_modules # Apparent size
du -sh --apparent-size node_modules # With hard links counted
```
## Node Linker Modes
Configure how `node_modules` is structured:
```ini
# Default: Symlinked structure (recommended)
node-linker=isolated
# Flat node_modules (npm-like, for compatibility)
node-linker=hoisted
# PnP mode (experimental, like Yarn PnP)
node-linker=pnp
```
### Isolated Mode (Default)
- Strict dependency resolution
- No phantom dependencies
- Packages can only access declared dependencies
### Hoisted Mode
- Flat `node_modules` like npm
- For compatibility with tools that don't support symlinks
- Loses strictness benefits
## Side Effects Cache
Cache build outputs for native modules:
```ini
# Enable side effects caching
side-effects-cache=true
# Store side effects in project (instead of global store)
side-effects-cache-readonly=true
```
## Shared Store Across Machines
For CI/CD, you can share the store:
```yaml
# GitHub Actions example
- uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
with:
run_install: false
- name: Get pnpm store directory
shell: bash
run: echo "STORE_PATH=$(pnpm store path --silent)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
- uses: actions/cache@v4
with:
path: ${{ env.STORE_PATH }}
key: ${{ runner.os }}-pnpm-store-${{ hashFiles('**/pnpm-lock.yaml') }}
```
## Troubleshooting
### Store corruption
```bash
# Verify and fix store
pnpm store status
pnpm store prune
```
### Hard link issues (network drives, Docker)
```ini
# Use copying instead of hard links
package-import-method=copy
```
### Permission issues
```bash
# Fix store permissions
chmod -R u+w ~/.pnpm-store
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/symlinked-node-modules-structure
- https://pnpm.io/cli/store
- https://pnpm.io/npmrc#store-dir
-->

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---
name: pnpm-workspaces
description: Monorepo support with workspaces for managing multiple packages
---
# pnpm Workspaces
pnpm has built-in support for monorepos (multi-package repositories) through workspaces.
## Setting Up Workspaces
Create `pnpm-workspace.yaml` at the repository root:
```yaml
packages:
# Include all packages in packages/ directory
- 'packages/*'
# Include all apps
- 'apps/*'
# Include nested packages
- 'tools/*/packages/*'
# Exclude test directories
- '!**/test/**'
```
## Workspace Protocol
Use `workspace:` protocol to reference local packages:
```json
{
"dependencies": {
"@myorg/utils": "workspace:*",
"@myorg/core": "workspace:^",
"@myorg/types": "workspace:~"
}
}
```
### Protocol Variants
| Protocol | Behavior | Published As |
|----------|----------|--------------|
| `workspace:*` | Any version | Actual version (e.g., `1.2.3`) |
| `workspace:^` | Compatible version | `^1.2.3` |
| `workspace:~` | Patch version | `~1.2.3` |
| `workspace:^1.0.0` | Semver range | `^1.0.0` |
## Filtering Packages
Run commands on specific packages using `--filter`:
```bash
# By package name
pnpm --filter @myorg/app build
pnpm -F @myorg/app build
# By directory path
pnpm --filter "./packages/core" test
# Glob patterns
pnpm --filter "@myorg/*" lint
pnpm --filter "!@myorg/internal-*" publish
# All packages
pnpm -r build
pnpm --recursive build
```
### Dependency-based Filtering
```bash
# Package and all its dependencies
pnpm --filter "...@myorg/app" build
# Package and all its dependents
pnpm --filter "@myorg/core..." test
# Both directions
pnpm --filter "...@myorg/shared..." build
# Changed since git ref
pnpm --filter "...[origin/main]" test
pnpm --filter "[HEAD~5]" lint
```
## Workspace Commands
### Install dependencies
```bash
# Install all workspace packages
pnpm install
# Add dependency to specific package
pnpm --filter @myorg/app add lodash
# Add workspace dependency
pnpm --filter @myorg/app add @myorg/utils
```
### Run scripts
```bash
# Run in all packages with that script
pnpm -r run build
# Run in topological order (dependencies first)
pnpm -r --workspace-concurrency=1 run build
# Run in parallel
pnpm -r --parallel run test
# Stream output
pnpm -r --stream run dev
```
### Execute commands
```bash
# Run command in all packages
pnpm -r exec pwd
# Run in specific packages
pnpm --filter "./packages/**" exec rm -rf dist
```
## Workspace Settings
Configure in `.npmrc` or `pnpm-workspace.yaml`:
```ini
# Link workspace packages automatically
link-workspace-packages=true
# Prefer workspace packages over registry
prefer-workspace-packages=true
# Single lockfile (recommended)
shared-workspace-lockfile=true
# Workspace protocol handling
save-workspace-protocol=rolling
# Concurrent workspace scripts
workspace-concurrency=4
```
## Publishing Workspaces
When publishing, `workspace:` protocols are converted:
```json
// Before publish
{
"dependencies": {
"@myorg/utils": "workspace:^"
}
}
// After publish
{
"dependencies": {
"@myorg/utils": "^1.2.3"
}
}
```
Use `--no-git-checks` for publishing from CI:
```bash
pnpm publish -r --no-git-checks
```
## Best Practices
1. **Use workspace protocol** for internal dependencies
2. **Enable `link-workspace-packages`** for automatic linking
3. **Use shared lockfile** for consistency
4. **Filter by dependencies** when building to ensure correct order
5. **Use catalogs** for shared external dependency versions
## Example Project Structure
```
my-monorepo/
├── pnpm-workspace.yaml
├── package.json
├── pnpm-lock.yaml
├── packages/
│ ├── core/
│ │ └── package.json
│ ├── utils/
│ │ └── package.json
│ └── types/
│ └── package.json
└── apps/
├── web/
│ └── package.json
└── api/
└── package.json
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/workspaces
- https://pnpm.io/filtering
- https://pnpm.io/npmrc#workspace-settings
-->

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---
name: pnpm-aliases
description: Install packages under custom names for versioning, forks, or alternatives
---
# pnpm Aliases
pnpm supports package aliases using the `npm:` protocol. This lets you install packages under different names, use multiple versions of the same package, or substitute packages.
## Basic Syntax
```bash
pnpm add <alias>@npm:<package>@<version>
```
In `package.json`:
```json
{
"dependencies": {
"<alias>": "npm:<package>@<version>"
}
}
```
## Use Cases
### Multiple Versions of Same Package
Install different versions side by side:
```json
{
"dependencies": {
"lodash3": "npm:lodash@3",
"lodash4": "npm:lodash@4"
}
}
```
Usage:
```js
import lodash3 from 'lodash3'
import lodash4 from 'lodash4'
```
### Replace Package with Fork
Substitute a package with a fork or alternative:
```json
{
"dependencies": {
"original-pkg": "npm:my-fork@^1.0.0"
}
}
```
All imports of `original-pkg` will resolve to `my-fork`.
### Replace Deprecated Package
```json
{
"dependencies": {
"request": "npm:@cypress/request@^3.0.0"
}
}
```
### Scoped to Unscoped (or vice versa)
```json
{
"dependencies": {
"vue": "npm:@anthropic/vue@^3.0.0",
"@myorg/utils": "npm:lodash@^4.17.21"
}
}
```
## CLI Usage
### Add with alias
```bash
# Add lodash under alias
pnpm add lodash4@npm:lodash@4
# Add fork as original name
pnpm add request@npm:@cypress/request
```
### Add multiple versions
```bash
pnpm add react17@npm:react@17 react18@npm:react@18
```
## With TypeScript
For type resolution with aliases, you may need to configure TypeScript:
```json
// tsconfig.json
{
"compilerOptions": {
"paths": {
"lodash3": ["node_modules/lodash3"],
"lodash4": ["node_modules/lodash4"]
}
}
}
```
Or use `@types` packages with aliases:
```json
{
"devDependencies": {
"@types/lodash3": "npm:@types/lodash@3",
"@types/lodash4": "npm:@types/lodash@4"
}
}
```
## Combined with Overrides
Force all transitive dependencies to use an alias:
```yaml
# pnpm-workspace.yaml
overrides:
"underscore": "npm:lodash@^4.17.21"
```
This replaces all `underscore` imports (including in dependencies) with lodash.
## Git and Local Aliases
Aliases work with any valid pnpm specifier:
```json
{
"dependencies": {
"my-fork": "npm:user/repo#commit",
"local-pkg": "file:../local-package"
}
}
```
## Best Practices
1. **Clear naming**: Use descriptive alias names that indicate purpose
```json
"lodash-legacy": "npm:lodash@3"
"lodash-modern": "npm:lodash@4"
```
2. **Document aliases**: Add comments or documentation explaining why aliases exist
3. **Prefer overrides for global replacement**: If you want to replace a package everywhere, use overrides instead of aliases
4. **Test thoroughly**: Aliased packages may have subtle differences in behavior
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/aliases
-->

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---
name: pnpm-catalogs
description: Centralized dependency version management for workspaces
---
# pnpm Catalogs
Catalogs provide a centralized way to manage dependency versions across a workspace. Define versions once, use everywhere.
## Basic Usage
Define a catalog in `pnpm-workspace.yaml`:
```yaml
packages:
- 'packages/*'
catalog:
react: ^18.2.0
react-dom: ^18.2.0
typescript: ~5.3.0
vite: ^5.0.0
```
Reference in `package.json` with `catalog:`:
```json
{
"dependencies": {
"react": "catalog:",
"react-dom": "catalog:"
},
"devDependencies": {
"typescript": "catalog:",
"vite": "catalog:"
}
}
```
## Named Catalogs
Create multiple catalogs for different scenarios:
```yaml
packages:
- 'packages/*'
# Default catalog
catalog:
lodash: ^4.17.21
# Named catalogs
catalogs:
react17:
react: ^17.0.2
react-dom: ^17.0.2
react18:
react: ^18.2.0
react-dom: ^18.2.0
testing:
vitest: ^1.0.0
"@testing-library/react": ^14.0.0
```
Reference named catalogs:
```json
{
"dependencies": {
"react": "catalog:react18",
"react-dom": "catalog:react18"
},
"devDependencies": {
"vitest": "catalog:testing"
}
}
```
## Benefits
1. **Single source of truth**: Update version in one place
2. **Consistency**: All packages use the same version
3. **Easy upgrades**: Change version once, affects entire workspace
4. **Type-safe**: TypeScript support in pnpm-workspace.yaml
## Catalog vs Overrides
| Feature | Catalogs | Overrides |
|---------|----------|-----------|
| Purpose | Define versions for direct dependencies | Force versions for any dependency |
| Scope | Direct dependencies only | All dependencies (including transitive) |
| Usage | `"pkg": "catalog:"` | Applied automatically |
| Opt-in | Explicit per package.json | Global to workspace |
## Publishing with Catalogs
When publishing, `catalog:` references are replaced with actual versions:
```json
// Before publish (source)
{
"dependencies": {
"react": "catalog:"
}
}
// After publish (published package)
{
"dependencies": {
"react": "^18.2.0"
}
}
```
## Migration from Overrides
If you're using overrides for version consistency:
```yaml
# Before (using overrides)
overrides:
react: ^18.2.0
react-dom: ^18.2.0
```
Migrate to catalogs for cleaner dependency management:
```yaml
# After (using catalogs)
catalog:
react: ^18.2.0
react-dom: ^18.2.0
```
Then update package.json files to use `catalog:`.
## Best Practices
1. **Use default catalog** for commonly shared dependencies
2. **Use named catalogs** for version variants (e.g., different React versions)
3. **Keep catalog minimal** - only include shared dependencies
4. **Combine with workspace protocol** for internal packages
```yaml
catalog:
# External shared dependencies
lodash: ^4.17.21
zod: ^3.22.0
# Internal packages use workspace: protocol instead
# "dependencies": { "@myorg/utils": "workspace:^" }
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/catalogs
-->

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@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
---
name: pnpm-hooks
description: Customize package resolution and dependency behavior with pnpmfile hooks
---
# pnpm Hooks
pnpm provides hooks via `.pnpmfile.cjs` to customize how packages are resolved and their metadata is processed.
## Setup
Create `.pnpmfile.cjs` at workspace root:
```js
// .pnpmfile.cjs
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
// Modify package metadata
return pkg
}
function afterAllResolved(lockfile, context) {
// Modify lockfile
return lockfile
}
module.exports = {
hooks: {
readPackage,
afterAllResolved
}
}
```
## readPackage Hook
Called for every package before resolution. Use to modify dependencies, add missing peer deps, or fix broken packages.
### Add Missing Peer Dependency
```js
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
if (pkg.name === 'some-broken-package') {
pkg.peerDependencies = {
...pkg.peerDependencies,
react: '*'
}
context.log(`Added react peer dep to ${pkg.name}`)
}
return pkg
}
```
### Override Dependency Version
```js
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
// Fix all lodash versions
if (pkg.dependencies?.lodash) {
pkg.dependencies.lodash = '^4.17.21'
}
if (pkg.devDependencies?.lodash) {
pkg.devDependencies.lodash = '^4.17.21'
}
return pkg
}
```
### Remove Unwanted Dependency
```js
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
// Remove optional dependency that causes issues
if (pkg.optionalDependencies?.fsevents) {
delete pkg.optionalDependencies.fsevents
}
return pkg
}
```
### Replace Package
```js
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
// Replace deprecated package
if (pkg.dependencies?.['old-package']) {
pkg.dependencies['new-package'] = pkg.dependencies['old-package']
delete pkg.dependencies['old-package']
}
return pkg
}
```
### Fix Broken Package
```js
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
// Fix incorrect exports field
if (pkg.name === 'broken-esm-package') {
pkg.exports = {
'.': {
import: './dist/index.mjs',
require: './dist/index.cjs'
}
}
}
return pkg
}
```
## afterAllResolved Hook
Called after the lockfile is generated. Use for post-resolution modifications.
```js
function afterAllResolved(lockfile, context) {
// Log all resolved packages
context.log(`Resolved ${Object.keys(lockfile.packages || {}).length} packages`)
// Modify lockfile if needed
return lockfile
}
```
## Context Object
The `context` object provides utilities:
```js
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
// Log messages
context.log('Processing package...')
return pkg
}
```
## Use with TypeScript
For type hints, use JSDoc:
```js
// .pnpmfile.cjs
/**
* @param {import('type-fest').PackageJson} pkg
* @param {{ log: (msg: string) => void }} context
* @returns {import('type-fest').PackageJson}
*/
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
return pkg
}
module.exports = {
hooks: {
readPackage
}
}
```
## Common Patterns
### Conditional by Package Name
```js
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
switch (pkg.name) {
case 'package-a':
pkg.dependencies.foo = '^2.0.0'
break
case 'package-b':
delete pkg.optionalDependencies.bar
break
}
return pkg
}
```
### Apply to All Packages
```js
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
// Remove all optional fsevents
if (pkg.optionalDependencies) {
delete pkg.optionalDependencies.fsevents
}
return pkg
}
```
### Debug Resolution
```js
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
if (process.env.DEBUG_PNPM) {
context.log(`${pkg.name}@${pkg.version}`)
context.log(` deps: ${Object.keys(pkg.dependencies || {}).join(', ')}`)
}
return pkg
}
```
## Hooks vs Overrides
| Feature | Hooks (.pnpmfile.cjs) | Overrides |
|---------|----------------------|-----------|
| Complexity | Can use JavaScript logic | Declarative only |
| Scope | Any package metadata | Version only |
| Use case | Complex fixes, conditional logic | Simple version pins |
**Prefer overrides** for simple version fixes. **Use hooks** when you need:
- Conditional logic
- Non-version modifications (exports, peer deps)
- Logging/debugging
## Troubleshooting
### Hook not running
1. Ensure file is named `.pnpmfile.cjs` (not `.js`)
2. Check file is at workspace root
3. Run `pnpm install` to trigger hooks
### Debug hooks
```bash
# See hook logs
pnpm install --reporter=append-only
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/pnpmfile
-->

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---
name: pnpm-overrides
description: Force specific versions of dependencies including transitive dependencies
---
# pnpm Overrides
Overrides let you force specific versions of packages, including transitive dependencies. Useful for fixing security vulnerabilities or compatibility issues.
## Basic Syntax
Define overrides in `pnpm-workspace.yaml` (recommended) or `package.json`:
### In pnpm-workspace.yaml (Recommended)
```yaml
packages:
- 'packages/*'
overrides:
# Override all versions of a package
lodash: ^4.17.21
# Override specific version range
"foo@^1.0.0": ^1.2.3
# Override nested dependency
"express>cookie": ^0.6.0
# Override to different package
"underscore": "npm:lodash@^4.17.21"
```
### In package.json
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"overrides": {
"lodash": "^4.17.21",
"foo@^1.0.0": "^1.2.3",
"bar@^2.0.0>qux": "^1.0.0"
}
}
}
```
## Override Patterns
### Override all instances
```yaml
overrides:
lodash: ^4.17.21
```
Forces all lodash installations to use ^4.17.21.
### Override specific parent version
```yaml
overrides:
"foo@^1.0.0": ^1.2.3
```
Only override foo when the requested version matches ^1.0.0.
### Override nested dependency
```yaml
overrides:
"express>cookie": ^0.6.0
"foo@1.x>bar@^2.0.0>qux": ^1.0.0
```
Override cookie only when it's a dependency of express.
### Replace with different package
```yaml
overrides:
# Replace underscore with lodash
"underscore": "npm:lodash@^4.17.21"
# Use local file
"some-pkg": "file:./local-pkg"
# Use git
"some-pkg": "github:user/repo#commit"
```
### Remove a dependency
```yaml
overrides:
"unwanted-pkg": "-"
```
The `-` removes the package entirely.
## Common Use Cases
### Security Fix
Force patched version of vulnerable package:
```yaml
overrides:
# Fix CVE in transitive dependency
"minimist": "^1.2.6"
"json5": "^2.2.3"
```
### Deduplicate Dependencies
Force single version when multiple are installed:
```yaml
overrides:
"react": "^18.2.0"
"react-dom": "^18.2.0"
```
### Fix Peer Dependency Issues
```yaml
overrides:
"@types/react": "^18.2.0"
```
### Replace Deprecated Package
```yaml
overrides:
"request": "npm:@cypress/request@^3.0.0"
```
## Hooks Alternative
For more complex scenarios, use `.pnpmfile.cjs`:
```js
// .pnpmfile.cjs
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
// Override dependency version
if (pkg.dependencies?.lodash) {
pkg.dependencies.lodash = '^4.17.21'
}
// Add missing peer dependency
if (pkg.name === 'some-package') {
pkg.peerDependencies = {
...pkg.peerDependencies,
react: '*'
}
}
return pkg
}
module.exports = {
hooks: {
readPackage
}
}
```
## Overrides vs Catalogs
| Feature | Overrides | Catalogs |
|---------|-----------|----------|
| Affects | All dependencies (including transitive) | Direct dependencies only |
| Usage | Automatic | Explicit `catalog:` reference |
| Purpose | Force versions, fix issues | Version management |
| Granularity | Can target specific parents | Package-wide only |
## Debugging
Check which version is resolved:
```bash
# See resolved versions
pnpm why lodash
# List all versions
pnpm list lodash --depth=Infinity
```
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/package_json#pnpmoverrides
- https://pnpm.io/pnpmfile
-->

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---
name: pnpm-patches
description: Patch third-party packages directly with customized fixes
---
# pnpm Patches
pnpm's patching feature lets you modify third-party packages directly. Useful for applying fixes before upstream releases or customizing package behavior.
## Creating a Patch
### Step 1: Initialize Patch
```bash
pnpm patch <pkg>@<version>
# Example
pnpm patch express@4.18.2
```
This creates a temporary directory with the package source and outputs the path:
```
You can now edit the following folder: /tmp/abc123...
```
### Step 2: Edit Files
Navigate to the temporary directory and make your changes:
```bash
cd /tmp/abc123...
# Edit files as needed
```
### Step 3: Commit Patch
```bash
pnpm patch-commit <path-from-step-1>
# Example
pnpm patch-commit /tmp/abc123...
```
This creates a `.patch` file in `patches/` and updates `package.json`:
```
patches/
└── express@4.18.2.patch
```
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"patchedDependencies": {
"express@4.18.2": "patches/express@4.18.2.patch"
}
}
}
```
## Patch File Format
Patches use standard unified diff format:
```diff
diff --git a/lib/router/index.js b/lib/router/index.js
index abc123..def456 100644
--- a/lib/router/index.js
+++ b/lib/router/index.js
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ function createRouter() {
// Original code
- const timeout = 30000;
+ const timeout = 60000; // Extended timeout
return router;
}
```
## Managing Patches
### List Patched Packages
```bash
pnpm list --depth=0
# Shows (patched) marker for patched packages
```
### Update a Patch
```bash
# Edit existing patch
pnpm patch express@4.18.2
# After editing
pnpm patch-commit <path>
```
### Remove a Patch
```bash
pnpm patch-remove <pkg>@<version>
# Example
pnpm patch-remove express@4.18.2
```
Or manually:
1. Delete the patch file from `patches/`
2. Remove entry from `patchedDependencies` in `package.json`
3. Run `pnpm install`
## Patch Configuration
### Custom Patches Directory
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"patchedDependencies": {
"express@4.18.2": "custom-patches/my-express-fix.patch"
}
}
}
```
### Multiple Packages
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"patchedDependencies": {
"express@4.18.2": "patches/express@4.18.2.patch",
"lodash@4.17.21": "patches/lodash@4.17.21.patch",
"@types/node@20.10.0": "patches/@types__node@20.10.0.patch"
}
}
}
```
## Workspaces
Patches are shared across the workspace. Define in the root `package.json`:
```json
// Root package.json
{
"pnpm": {
"patchedDependencies": {
"express@4.18.2": "patches/express@4.18.2.patch"
}
}
}
```
All workspace packages using `express@4.18.2` will have the patch applied.
## Best Practices
1. **Version specificity**: Patches are tied to exact versions. Update patches when upgrading dependencies.
2. **Document patches**: Add comments explaining why the patch exists:
```bash
# In patches/README.md
## express@4.18.2.patch
Fixes timeout issue. PR pending: https://github.com/expressjs/express/pull/1234
```
3. **Minimize patches**: Keep patches small and focused. Large patches are hard to maintain.
4. **Track upstream**: Note upstream issues/PRs so you can remove patches when fixed.
5. **Test patches**: Ensure patched code works correctly in your use case.
## Troubleshooting
### Patch fails to apply
```
ERR_PNPM_PATCH_FAILED Cannot apply patch
```
The package version changed. Recreate the patch:
```bash
pnpm patch-remove express@4.18.2
pnpm patch express@4.18.2
# Reapply changes
pnpm patch-commit <path>
```
### Patch not applied
Ensure:
1. Version in `patchedDependencies` matches installed version exactly
2. Run `pnpm install` after adding patch configuration
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/cli/patch
- https://pnpm.io/cli/patch-commit
- https://pnpm.io/package_json#pnpmpatcheddependencies
-->

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---
name: pnpm-peer-dependencies
description: Handling peer dependencies with auto-install and resolution rules
---
# pnpm Peer Dependencies
pnpm has strict peer dependency handling by default. It provides configuration options to control how peer dependencies are resolved and reported.
## Auto-Install Peer Dependencies
By default, pnpm automatically installs peer dependencies:
```ini
# .npmrc (default is true since pnpm v8)
auto-install-peers=true
```
When enabled, pnpm automatically adds missing peer dependencies based on the best matching version.
## Strict Peer Dependencies
Control whether peer dependency issues cause errors:
```ini
# Fail on peer dependency issues (default: false)
strict-peer-dependencies=true
```
When strict, pnpm will fail if:
- Peer dependency is missing
- Installed version doesn't match required range
## Peer Dependency Rules
Configure peer dependency behavior in `package.json`:
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"peerDependencyRules": {
"ignoreMissing": ["@babel/*", "eslint"],
"allowedVersions": {
"react": "17 || 18"
},
"allowAny": ["@types/*"]
}
}
}
```
### ignoreMissing
Suppress warnings for missing peer dependencies:
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"peerDependencyRules": {
"ignoreMissing": [
"@babel/*",
"eslint",
"webpack"
]
}
}
}
```
Use patterns:
- `"react"` - exact package name
- `"@babel/*"` - all packages in scope
- `"*"` - all packages (not recommended)
### allowedVersions
Allow specific versions that would otherwise cause warnings:
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"peerDependencyRules": {
"allowedVersions": {
"react": "17 || 18",
"webpack": "4 || 5",
"@types/react": "*"
}
}
}
}
```
### allowAny
Allow any version for specified peer dependencies:
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"peerDependencyRules": {
"allowAny": ["@types/*", "eslint"]
}
}
}
```
## Adding Peer Dependencies via Hooks
Use `.pnpmfile.cjs` to add missing peer dependencies:
```js
// .pnpmfile.cjs
function readPackage(pkg, context) {
// Add missing peer dependency
if (pkg.name === 'problematic-package') {
pkg.peerDependencies = {
...pkg.peerDependencies,
react: '*'
}
}
return pkg
}
module.exports = {
hooks: {
readPackage
}
}
```
## Peer Dependencies in Workspaces
Workspace packages can satisfy peer dependencies:
```json
// packages/app/package.json
{
"dependencies": {
"react": "^18.2.0",
"@myorg/components": "workspace:^"
}
}
// packages/components/package.json
{
"peerDependencies": {
"react": "^17.0.0 || ^18.0.0"
}
}
```
The workspace `app` provides `react` which satisfies `components`' peer dependency.
## Common Scenarios
### Monorepo with Shared React
```yaml
# pnpm-workspace.yaml
catalog:
react: ^18.2.0
react-dom: ^18.2.0
```
```json
// packages/ui/package.json
{
"peerDependencies": {
"react": "^18.0.0",
"react-dom": "^18.0.0"
}
}
// apps/web/package.json
{
"dependencies": {
"react": "catalog:",
"react-dom": "catalog:",
"@myorg/ui": "workspace:^"
}
}
```
### Suppress ESLint Plugin Warnings
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"peerDependencyRules": {
"ignoreMissing": [
"eslint",
"@typescript-eslint/parser"
]
}
}
}
```
### Allow Multiple Major Versions
```json
{
"pnpm": {
"peerDependencyRules": {
"allowedVersions": {
"webpack": "4 || 5",
"postcss": "7 || 8"
}
}
}
}
```
## Debugging Peer Dependencies
```bash
# See why a package is installed
pnpm why <package>
# List all peer dependency warnings
pnpm install --reporter=append-only 2>&1 | grep -i peer
# Check dependency tree
pnpm list --depth=Infinity
```
## Best Practices
1. **Enable auto-install-peers** for convenience (default in pnpm v8+)
2. **Use peerDependencyRules** instead of ignoring all warnings
3. **Document suppressed warnings** explaining why they're safe
4. **Keep peer deps ranges wide** in libraries:
```json
{
"peerDependencies": {
"react": "^17.0.0 || ^18.0.0"
}
}
```
5. **Test with different peer versions** if you support multiple majors
<!--
Source references:
- https://pnpm.io/package_json#pnpmpeerdependencyrules
- https://pnpm.io/npmrc#auto-install-peers
-->

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# PocketBase Best Practices
**Version 1.3.0**
Community
April 2026
> Comprehensive PocketBase development best practices and performance optimization guide. Contains 63 rules across 9 categories, prioritized by impact from critical (collection design, API rules, authentication) to incremental (production deployment). Includes server-side extending rules for Go and JavaScript (JSVM): event hooks, custom routing, transactions with scoped txApp, server-side filter binding, filesystem handling, cron job scheduling, and Go schema migrations. Updated for PocketBase v0.36.8 and JS SDK v0.26.8 (getFullList default batch size 1000, authWithOAuth2 cancellation fix, getURL null param handling, v0.36.7 fixed-window rate limiter, v0.36.0 strftime() filter function, OTP auth flow). Each rule includes detailed explanations, incorrect vs. correct code examples, and specific guidance to help AI agents generate better PocketBase code.
---
## Categories
Detailed rules are split by category. Load only the relevant file:
### 1. [Collection Design](references/collection-design.md) - **CRITICAL**
Schema design, field types, relations, indexes, and collection type selection. Foundation for application architecture and long-term maintainability.
- 1.1 Use Auth Collections for User Accounts
- 1.2 Choose Appropriate Field Types for Your Data
- 1.3 Use GeoPoint Fields for Location Data
- 1.4 Create Indexes for Frequently Filtered Fields
- 1.5 Configure Relations with Proper Cascade Options
- 1.6 Use View Collections for Complex Read-Only Queries
### 2. [API Rules & Security](references/api-rules-security.md) - **CRITICAL**
Access control rules, filter expressions, request context usage, and security patterns. Critical for protecting data and enforcing authorization.
- 2.1 Understand API Rule Types and Defaults
- 2.2 Use @collection for Cross-Collection Lookups
- 2.3 Master Filter Expression Syntax
- 2.4 Default to Locked Rules, Open Explicitly
- 2.5 Use @request Context in API Rules
- 2.6 Use strftime() for Date Arithmetic in Filter Expressions
### 3. [Authentication](references/authentication.md) - **CRITICAL**
Password authentication, OAuth2 integration, token management, MFA setup, and auth collection configuration.
- 3.1 Use Impersonation for Admin Operations
- 3.2 Implement Multi-Factor Authentication
- 3.3 Integrate OAuth2 Providers Correctly
- 3.4 Use authWithOTP for Email One-Time Codes, Rate-Limit requestOTP
- 3.5 Implement Secure Password Authentication
- 3.6 Manage Auth Tokens Properly
### 4. [SDK Usage](references/sdk-usage.md) - **HIGH**
JavaScript SDK initialization, auth store patterns, error handling, request cancellation, and safe parameter binding.
- 4.1 Use Appropriate Auth Store for Your Platform
- 4.2 Understand and Control Auto-Cancellation
- 4.3 Handle SDK Errors Properly
- 4.4 Use Field Modifiers for Incremental Updates
- 4.5 Use Safe Parameter Binding in Filters
- 4.6 Initialize PocketBase Client Correctly
- 4.7 Use Send Hooks for Request Customization
### 5. [Query Performance](references/query-performance.md) - **HIGH**
Pagination strategies, relation expansion, field selection, batch operations, and N+1 query prevention.
- 5.1 Use Back-Relations for Inverse Lookups
- 5.2 Use Batch Operations for Multiple Writes
- 5.3 Expand Relations Efficiently
- 5.4 Select Only Required Fields
- 5.5 Use getFirstListItem for Single Record Lookups
- 5.6 Prevent N+1 Query Problems
- 5.7 Use Efficient Pagination Strategies
### 6. [Realtime](references/realtime.md) - **MEDIUM**
SSE subscriptions, event handling, connection management, and authentication with realtime.
- 6.1 Authenticate Realtime Connections
- 6.2 Handle Realtime Events Properly
- 6.3 Handle Realtime Connection Issues
- 6.4 Implement Realtime Subscriptions Correctly
### 7. [File Handling](references/file-handling.md) - **MEDIUM**
File uploads, URL generation, thumbnail creation, and validation patterns.
- 7.1 Generate File URLs Correctly
- 7.2 Upload Files Correctly
- 7.3 Validate File Uploads
### 8. [Production & Deployment](references/production-deployment.md) - **LOW-MEDIUM**
Backup strategies, configuration management, reverse proxy setup, and SQLite optimization.
- 8.1 Implement Proper Backup Strategies
- 8.2 Configure Production Settings Properly
- 8.3 Enable Rate Limiting for API Protection
- 8.4 Configure Reverse Proxy Correctly
- 8.5 Tune OS and Runtime for PocketBase Scale
- 8.6 Optimize SQLite for Production
### 9. [Server-Side Extending](references/server-side-extending.md) - **HIGH**
Extending PocketBase with Go or embedded JavaScript (JSVM) - event hooks, custom routes, transactions, cron jobs, filesystem, migrations, and safe server-side filter binding.
- 9.1 Compose Hooks, Transactions, Routing, and Enrich in One Request Flow
- 9.2 Schedule Recurring Jobs with the Builtin Cron Scheduler
- 9.3 Always Close the Filesystem Handle Returned by NewFilesystem
- 9.4 Bind User Input in Server-Side Filters with {:placeholder} Params
- 9.5 Use DBConnect Only When You Need a Custom SQLite Driver
- 9.6 Version Your Schema with Go Migrations
- 9.7 Set Up a Go-Extended PocketBase Application
- 9.8 Always Call e.Next() and Use e.App Inside Hook Handlers
- 9.9 Pick the Right Record Hook - Model vs Request vs Enrich
- 9.10 Write JSVM Migrations as pb_migrations/*.js Files
- 9.11 Set Up JSVM (pb_hooks) for Server-Side JavaScript
- 9.12 Load Shared Code with CommonJS require() in pb_hooks
- 9.13 Avoid Capturing Variables Outside JSVM Handler Scope
- 9.14 Send Email via app.NewMailClient, Never the Default example.com Sender
- 9.15 Register Custom Routes Safely with Built-in Middlewares
- 9.16 Read Settings via app.Settings(), Encrypt at Rest with PB_ENCRYPTION
- 9.17 Test Hooks and Routes with tests.NewTestApp and ApiScenario
- 9.18 Use RunInTransaction with the Scoped txApp, Never the Outer App
---
## References
- https://pocketbase.io/docs/
- https://github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase
- https://github.com/pocketbase/js-sdk
- https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-records/
- https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-rules-and-filters/
- https://pocketbase.io/docs/go-overview/
- https://pocketbase.io/docs/js-overview/
- https://pocketbase.io/docs/go-migrations/
- https://pocketbase.io/docs/go-jobs-scheduling/
- https://pocketbase.io/docs/js-jobs-scheduling/
- https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/

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---
name: pocketbase-best-practices
description: PocketBase development best practices covering collection design, API rules, authentication, SDK usage, query optimization, realtime subscriptions, file handling, and deployment. Use when building PocketBase backends, designing schemas, implementing access control, setting up auth flows, or optimizing performance.
license: MIT
compatibility: Works with any agent. Requires PocketBase v0.36+.
metadata:
author: community
version: "1.2.0"
repository: https://github.com/greendesertsnow/pocketbase-skills
documentation: https://pocketbase.io/docs/
---
# PocketBase Best Practices
63 rules across 9 categories for PocketBase v0.36+, prioritized by impact.
## Categories by Priority
| Priority | Category | Impact | Rules |
|----------|----------|--------|-------|
| 1 | Collection Design | CRITICAL | coll-field-types, coll-auth-vs-base, coll-relations, coll-indexes, coll-view-collections, coll-geopoint |
| 2 | API Rules & Security | CRITICAL | rules-basics, rules-filter-syntax, rules-request-context, rules-cross-collection, rules-locked-vs-open, rules-strftime |
| 3 | Authentication | CRITICAL | auth-password, auth-oauth2, auth-otp, auth-token-management, auth-mfa, auth-impersonation |
| 4 | SDK Usage | HIGH | sdk-initialization, sdk-auth-store, sdk-error-handling, sdk-auto-cancellation, sdk-filter-binding, sdk-field-modifiers, sdk-send-hooks |
| 5 | Query Performance | HIGH | query-pagination, query-expand, query-field-selection, query-batch-operations, query-n-plus-one, query-first-item, query-back-relations |
| 6 | Realtime | MEDIUM | realtime-subscribe, realtime-events, realtime-auth, realtime-reconnection |
| 7 | File Handling | MEDIUM | file-upload, file-serving, file-validation |
| 8 | Production & Deployment | MEDIUM | deploy-backup, deploy-configuration, deploy-reverse-proxy, deploy-sqlite-considerations, deploy-rate-limiting, deploy-scaling |
| 9 | Server-Side Extending | HIGH | ext-go-setup, ext-js-setup, ext-hooks-chain, ext-hooks-record-vs-request, ext-routing-custom, ext-transactions, ext-filter-binding-server, ext-filesystem, ext-cron-jobs, ext-go-migrations, ext-js-migrations, ext-mailer, ext-settings, ext-testing, ext-compose-request-flow, ext-go-custom-sqlite, ext-jsvm-scope, ext-jsvm-modules |
## Quick Reference
### Collection Design (CRITICAL)
- **coll-field-types**: Use appropriate field types (json for objects, select for enums)
- **coll-auth-vs-base**: Extend auth collection for users, base for non-auth data
- **coll-relations**: Use relation fields, not manual ID strings
- **coll-indexes**: Create indexes on frequently filtered/sorted fields
- **coll-view-collections**: Use views for complex aggregations
- **coll-geopoint**: Store coordinates as json field with lat/lng
### API Rules (CRITICAL)
- **rules-basics**: Always set API rules; empty = public access
- **rules-filter-syntax**: Use @request.auth, @collection, @now in rules
- **rules-request-context**: Access request data via @request.body, @request.query; `@request.context` values: `default`/`oauth2`/`otp`/`password`/`realtime`/`protectedFile`
- **rules-cross-collection**: Use @collection.name.field for cross-collection checks
- **rules-locked-vs-open**: Start locked, open selectively
- **rules-strftime**: Use `strftime('%Y-%m-%d', created)` for date arithmetic (v0.36+)
### Authentication (CRITICAL)
- **auth-password**: Use authWithPassword for email/password login
- **auth-oauth2**: Configure OAuth2 providers via Admin UI
- **auth-otp**: Two-step `requestOTP``authWithOTP`; rate-limit requestOTP and never leak email existence
- **auth-token-management**: Store tokens securely, refresh before expiry
- **auth-mfa**: Enable MFA for sensitive applications
- **auth-impersonation**: Use impersonation for admin actions on behalf of users
### SDK Usage (HIGH)
- **sdk-initialization**: Initialize client once, reuse instance
- **sdk-auth-store**: Use AsyncAuthStore for React Native/SSR
- **sdk-error-handling**: Catch ClientResponseError, check status codes
- **sdk-auto-cancellation**: Disable auto-cancel for concurrent requests
- **sdk-filter-binding**: Use filter binding to prevent injection
### Query Performance (HIGH)
- **query-expand**: Expand relations to avoid N+1 queries
- **query-field-selection**: Select only needed fields
- **query-pagination**: Use cursor pagination for large datasets
- **query-batch-operations**: Batch creates/updates when possible
### Realtime (MEDIUM)
- **realtime-subscribe**: Subscribe to specific records or collections
- **realtime-events**: Handle create, update, delete events separately
- **realtime-auth**: Realtime respects API rules automatically
- **realtime-reconnection**: Implement reconnection logic
### File Handling (MEDIUM)
- **file-upload**: Use FormData for uploads, set proper content types
- **file-serving**: Use pb.files.getURL() for file URLs
- **file-validation**: Validate file types and sizes server-side
### Deployment (MEDIUM)
- **deploy-backup**: Schedule regular backups of pb_data
- **deploy-configuration**: Use environment variables for config
- **deploy-reverse-proxy**: Put behind nginx/caddy in production
- **deploy-sqlite-considerations**: Optimize SQLite for production workloads
- **deploy-rate-limiting**: Enable the built-in rate limiter (fixed-window as of v0.36.7); front with Nginx/Caddy for defense in depth
- **deploy-scaling**: Raise `ulimit -n` for realtime, set `GOMEMLIMIT`, enable settings encryption
### Server-Side Extending (HIGH)
- **ext-go-setup**: Use `app.OnServe()` to register routes; use `e.App` inside hooks, not the parent-scope app
- **ext-js-setup**: Drop `*.pb.js` in `pb_hooks/`; add `/// <reference path="../pb_data/types.d.ts" />`
- **ext-hooks-chain**: Always call `e.Next()`/`e.next()`; use `Bind` with an Id for later `Unbind`
- **ext-hooks-record-vs-request**: Use `OnRecordEnrich` to shape responses (incl. realtime); `OnRecordRequest` for HTTP-only
- **ext-routing-custom**: Namespace routes under `/api/{yourapp}/`; attach `RequireAuth()` middleware
- **ext-transactions**: Use the scoped `txApp` inside `RunInTransaction`; never capture the outer `app`
- **ext-filter-binding-server**: Bind user input with `{:name}` + `dbx.Params` in `FindFirstRecordByFilter` / `FindRecordsByFilter`
- **ext-filesystem**: `defer fs.Close()` on every `NewFilesystem()` / `NewBackupsFilesystem()` handle
- **ext-cron-jobs**: Register with `app.Cron().MustAdd(id, expr, fn)` / `cronAdd()`; stable ids, no `__pb*__` prefix
- **ext-go-migrations**: Versioned `.go` files under `migrations/`; `Automigrate: osutils.IsProbablyGoRun()`
- **ext-js-migrations**: `pb_migrations/<unix>_*.js` with `migrate(upFn, downFn)`; auto-discovered by filename
- **ext-mailer**: Resolve sender from `app.Settings().Meta` at send-time; never ship `no-reply@example.com`; create the mail client per send
- **ext-settings**: Read via `app.Settings()` at call time; set `PB_ENCRYPTION` (32 chars) to encrypt `_params` at rest
- **ext-testing**: `tests.NewTestApp(testDataDir)` + `tests.ApiScenario`; `defer app.Cleanup()`, assert `ExpectedEvents`
- **ext-compose-request-flow**: Composite walkthrough showing which app instance is active at each layer (route → tx → hook → enrich)
- **ext-go-custom-sqlite**: Only use `DBConnect` when you need FTS5/ICU; `DBConnect` is called twice (data.db + auxiliary.db)
- **ext-jsvm-scope**: Variables outside handlers are undefined at runtime — load shared config via `require()` inside the handler
- **ext-jsvm-modules**: Only CJS (`require()`) works in goja; bundle ESM first; avoid mutable module state
## Example Prompts
Try these with your AI agent to see the skill in action:
**Building a new feature:**
- "Design a PocketBase schema for an e-commerce app with products, orders, and reviews"
- "Implement OAuth2 login with Google and GitHub for my app"
- "Build a real-time notification system with PocketBase subscriptions"
- "Create a file upload form with image validation and thumbnail previews"
**Fixing issues:**
- "My list query is slow on 100k records -- optimize it"
- "I'm getting 403 errors on my batch operations"
- "Fix the N+1 query problem in my posts list that loads author data in a loop"
- "My realtime subscriptions stop working after a few minutes"
**Security review:**
- "Review my API rules -- users should only access their own data"
- "Set up proper access control: admins manage all content, users edit only their own"
- "Are my authentication cookies configured securely for SSR?"
- "Audit my collection rules for IDOR vulnerabilities"
**Going to production:**
- "Configure Nginx with HTTPS, rate limiting, and security headers for PocketBase"
- "Set up automated backups for my PocketBase database"
- "Optimize SQLite settings for a production workload with ~500 concurrent users"
- "Deploy PocketBase with Docker Compose and Caddy"
**Extending PocketBase:**
- "Add a custom Go route that sends a Slack notification after a record is created"
- "Write a pb_hooks script that validates an email domain before user signup"
- "Set up FTS5 full-text search with a custom SQLite driver in my Go app"
- "Share a config object across multiple pb_hooks files without race conditions"
## Detailed Rules
Load the relevant category for complete rule documentation with code examples:
- [Collection Design](references/collection-design.md) - Schema patterns, field types, relations, indexes
- [API Rules & Security](references/api-rules-security.md) - Access control, filter expressions, security patterns
- [Authentication](references/authentication.md) - Password auth, OAuth2, MFA, token management
- [SDK Usage](references/sdk-usage.md) - Client initialization, auth stores, error handling, hooks
- [Query Performance](references/query-performance.md) - Pagination, expansion, batch operations, N+1 prevention
- [Realtime](references/realtime.md) - SSE subscriptions, event handling, reconnection
- [File Handling](references/file-handling.md) - Uploads, serving, validation
- [Production & Deployment](references/production-deployment.md) - Backup, configuration, reverse proxy, SQLite optimization
- [Server-Side Extending](references/server-side-extending.md) - Go/JSVM setup, event hooks, custom routes, modules, custom SQLite

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# API Rules & Security
**Impact: CRITICAL**
Access control rules, filter expressions, request context usage, and security patterns. Critical for protecting data and enforcing authorization.
---
## 1. Understand API Rule Types and Defaults
**Impact: CRITICAL (Prevents unauthorized access, data leaks, and security vulnerabilities)**
PocketBase uses five collection-level rules to control access. Understanding the difference between locked (null), open (""), and expression rules is critical for security.
**Incorrect (leaving rules open unintentionally):**
```javascript
// Collection with overly permissive rules
const collection = {
name: 'messages',
listRule: '', // Anyone can list all messages!
viewRule: '', // Anyone can view any message!
createRule: '', // Anyone can create messages!
updateRule: '', // Anyone can update any message!
deleteRule: '' // Anyone can delete any message!
};
// Complete security bypass - all data exposed
```
**Correct (explicit, restrictive rules):**
```javascript
// Collection with proper access control
const collection = {
name: 'messages',
// null = locked, only superusers can access
listRule: null, // Default: locked to superusers
// '' (empty string) = open to everyone (use sparingly)
viewRule: '@request.auth.id != ""', // Any authenticated user
// Expression = conditional access
createRule: '@request.auth.id != ""', // Must be logged in
updateRule: 'author = @request.auth.id', // Only author
deleteRule: 'author = @request.auth.id' // Only author
};
```
**Rule types explained:**
| Rule Value | Meaning | Use Case |
|------------|---------|----------|
| `null` | Locked (superusers only) | Admin-only data, system tables |
| `''` (empty string) | Open to everyone | Public content, no auth required |
| `'expression'` | Conditional access | Most common - check auth, ownership |
**Common patterns:**
```javascript
// Public read, authenticated write (enforce ownership on create)
listRule: '',
viewRule: '',
createRule: '@request.auth.id != "" && @request.body.author = @request.auth.id',
updateRule: 'author = @request.auth.id',
deleteRule: 'author = @request.auth.id'
// Private to owner only
listRule: 'owner = @request.auth.id',
viewRule: 'owner = @request.auth.id',
createRule: '@request.auth.id != ""',
updateRule: 'owner = @request.auth.id',
deleteRule: 'owner = @request.auth.id'
// Read-only public data
listRule: '',
viewRule: '',
createRule: null,
updateRule: null,
deleteRule: null
```
**Error responses by rule type:**
- List rule fail: 200 with empty items
- View/Update/Delete fail: 404 (hides existence)
- Create fail: 400
- Locked rule violation: 403
Reference: [PocketBase API Rules](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-rules-and-filters/)
## 2. Use @collection for Cross-Collection Lookups
**Impact: HIGH (Enables complex authorization without denormalization)**
The `@collection` reference allows rules to query other collections, enabling complex authorization patterns like role-based access, team membership, and resource permissions.
**Incorrect (denormalizing data for access control):**
```javascript
// Duplicating team membership in every resource
const documentsSchema = [
{ name: 'title', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'team', type: 'relation' },
// Duplicated member list for access control - gets out of sync!
{ name: 'allowedUsers', type: 'relation', options: { maxSelect: 999 } }
];
// Rule checks duplicated data
listRule: 'allowedUsers ?= @request.auth.id'
// Problem: must update allowedUsers whenever team membership changes
```
**Correct (using @collection lookup):**
```javascript
// Clean schema - no duplication
const documentsSchema = [
{ name: 'title', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'team', type: 'relation', options: { collectionId: 'teams' } }
];
// Check team membership via @collection lookup
listRule: '@collection.team_members.user ?= @request.auth.id && @collection.team_members.team ?= team'
// Alternative: check if user is in team's members array
listRule: 'team.members ?= @request.auth.id'
// Role-based access via separate roles collection
listRule: '@collection.user_roles.user = @request.auth.id && @collection.user_roles.role = "admin"'
```
**Common patterns:**
```javascript
// Team-based access
// teams: { name, members (relation to users) }
// documents: { title, team (relation to teams) }
viewRule: 'team.members ?= @request.auth.id'
// Organization hierarchy
// orgs: { name }
// org_members: { org, user, role }
// projects: { name, org }
listRule: '@collection.org_members.org = org && @collection.org_members.user = @request.auth.id'
// Permission-based access
// permissions: { resource, user, level }
updateRule: '@collection.permissions.resource = id && @collection.permissions.user = @request.auth.id && @collection.permissions.level = "write"'
// Using aliases for complex queries
listRule: '@collection.memberships:m.user = @request.auth.id && @collection.memberships:m.team = team'
```
**Performance considerations:**
- Cross-collection lookups add query complexity
- Ensure referenced fields are indexed
- Consider caching for frequently accessed permissions
- Test performance with realistic data volumes
Reference: [PocketBase Collection Reference](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-rules-and-filters/#collection-fields)
## 3. Master Filter Expression Syntax
**Impact: CRITICAL (Enables complex access control and efficient querying)**
PocketBase filter expressions use a specific syntax for both API rules and client-side queries. Understanding operators and composition is essential.
**Incorrect (invalid filter syntax):**
```javascript
// Wrong operator syntax
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
filter: 'status == "published"' // Wrong: == instead of =
});
// Missing quotes around strings
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
filter: 'status = published' // Wrong: unquoted string
});
// Wrong boolean logic
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
filter: 'status = "published" AND featured = true' // Wrong: AND instead of &&
});
```
**Correct (proper filter syntax):**
```javascript
// Equality and comparison operators
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
filter: 'status = "published"' // Equals
});
filter: 'views != 0' // Not equals
filter: 'views > 100' // Greater than
filter: 'views >= 100' // Greater or equal
filter: 'price < 50.00' // Less than
filter: 'created <= "2024-01-01 00:00:00"' // Less or equal
// String operators
filter: 'title ~ "hello"' // Contains (case-insensitive)
filter: 'title !~ "spam"' // Does not contain
// Logical operators
filter: 'status = "published" && featured = true' // AND
filter: 'category = "news" || category = "blog"' // OR
filter: '(status = "draft" || status = "review") && author = "abc"' // Grouping
// Array/multi-value operators (for select, relation fields)
filter: 'tags ?= "featured"' // Any tag equals "featured"
filter: 'tags ?~ "tech"' // Any tag contains "tech"
// Null checks
filter: 'deletedAt = null' // Is null
filter: 'avatar != null' // Is not null
// Date comparisons
filter: 'created > "2024-01-01 00:00:00"'
filter: 'created >= @now' // Current timestamp
filter: 'expires < @today' // Start of today (UTC)
```
**Available operators:**
| Operator | Description |
|----------|-------------|
| `=` | Equal |
| `!=` | Not equal |
| `>` `>=` `<` `<=` | Comparison |
| `~` | Contains (LIKE %value%) |
| `!~` | Does not contain |
| `?=` `?!=` `?>` `?~` | Any element matches |
| `&&` | AND |
| `\|\|` | OR |
| `()` | Grouping |
**Date macros:**
- `@now` - Current UTC datetime
- `@today` - Start of today UTC
- `@month` - Start of current month UTC
- `@year` - Start of current year UTC
**Filter functions:**
- `strftime(fmt, datetime)` - Format/extract datetime parts (v0.36+). E.g. `strftime('%Y-%m', created) = "2026-03"`. See `rules-strftime.md` for the full format specifier list.
- `length(field)` - Element count of a multi-value field (file, relation, select). E.g. `length(tags) > 0`.
- `each(field, expr)` - Iterate a multi-value field: `each(tags, ? ~ "urgent")`.
- `issetIf(field, val)` - Conditional presence check for complex rules.
Reference: [PocketBase Filters](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-rules-and-filters/#filters-syntax)
## 4. Default to Locked Rules, Open Explicitly
**Impact: CRITICAL (Defense in depth, prevents accidental data exposure)**
New collections should start with locked (null) rules and explicitly open only what's needed. This prevents accidental data exposure and follows the principle of least privilege.
**Incorrect (starting with open rules):**
```javascript
// Dangerous: copying rules from examples without thinking
const collection = {
name: 'user_settings',
listRule: '', // Open - leaks all user settings!
viewRule: '', // Open - anyone can view any setting
createRule: '', // Open - no auth required
updateRule: '', // Open - anyone can modify!
deleteRule: '' // Open - anyone can delete!
};
// Also dangerous: using auth check when ownership needed
const collection = {
name: 'private_notes',
listRule: '@request.auth.id != ""', // Any logged-in user sees ALL notes
viewRule: '@request.auth.id != ""',
updateRule: '@request.auth.id != ""', // Any user can edit ANY note!
};
```
**Correct (locked by default, explicitly opened):**
```javascript
// Step 1: Start locked
const collection = {
name: 'user_settings',
listRule: null, // Locked - superusers only
viewRule: null,
createRule: null,
updateRule: null,
deleteRule: null
};
// Step 2: Open only what's needed with proper checks
const collection = {
name: 'user_settings',
// Users can only see their own settings
listRule: 'user = @request.auth.id',
viewRule: 'user = @request.auth.id',
// Users can only create settings for themselves
createRule: '@request.auth.id != "" && @request.body.user = @request.auth.id',
// Users can only update their own settings
updateRule: 'user = @request.auth.id',
// Prevent deletion or restrict to owner
deleteRule: 'user = @request.auth.id'
};
// For truly public data, document why it's open
const collection = {
name: 'public_announcements',
// Intentionally public - these are site-wide announcements
listRule: '',
viewRule: '',
// Only admins can manage (using custom "role" field on auth collection)
// IMPORTANT: Prevent role self-assignment in the users collection updateRule:
// updateRule: 'id = @request.auth.id && @request.body.role:isset = false'
createRule: '@request.auth.role = "admin"',
updateRule: '@request.auth.role = "admin"',
deleteRule: '@request.auth.role = "admin"'
};
```
**Rule development workflow:**
1. **Start locked** - All rules `null`
2. **Identify access needs** - Who needs what access?
3. **Write minimal rules** - Open only required operations
4. **Test thoroughly** - Verify both allowed and denied cases
5. **Document decisions** - Comment why rules are set as they are
**Security checklist:**
- [ ] No empty string rules without justification
- [ ] Ownership checks on personal data
- [ ] Auth checks on write operations
- [ ] Admin-only rules for sensitive operations
- [ ] Tested with different user contexts
Reference: [PocketBase API Rules](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-rules-and-filters/)
## 5. Use @request Context in API Rules
**Impact: CRITICAL (Enables dynamic, user-aware access control)**
The `@request` object provides access to the current request context including authenticated user, request body, query parameters, and headers. Use it to build dynamic access rules.
**Incorrect (hardcoded or missing auth checks):**
```javascript
// No authentication check
const collection = {
listRule: '', // Anyone can see everything
createRule: '' // Anyone can create
};
// Hardcoded user ID (never do this)
const collection = {
listRule: 'owner = "specific_user_id"' // Only one user can access
};
```
**Correct (using @request context):**
```javascript
// Check if user is authenticated
createRule: '@request.auth.id != ""'
// Check ownership via auth record
listRule: 'owner = @request.auth.id'
viewRule: 'owner = @request.auth.id'
updateRule: 'owner = @request.auth.id'
deleteRule: 'owner = @request.auth.id'
// Access auth record fields
// IMPORTANT: If using custom role fields, ensure update rules prevent
// users from modifying their own role: @request.body.role:isset = false
listRule: '@request.auth.role = "admin"'
listRule: '@request.auth.verified = true'
// Validate request body on create/update
createRule: '@request.auth.id != "" && @request.body.owner = @request.auth.id'
// Prevent changing certain fields
updateRule: 'owner = @request.auth.id && @request.body.owner:isset = false'
// WARNING: Query parameters are user-controlled and should NOT be used
// for authorization decisions. Use them only for optional filtering behavior
// where the fallback is equally safe.
// listRule: '@request.query.publicOnly = "true" || owner = @request.auth.id'
// The above is UNSAFE - users can bypass ownership by adding ?publicOnly=true
// Instead, use separate endpoints or server-side logic for public vs. private views.
listRule: 'owner = @request.auth.id || public = true' // Use a record field, not query param
// Access nested auth relations
listRule: 'team.members ?= @request.auth.id'
```
**Available @request fields:**
| Field | Description |
|-------|-------------|
| `@request.auth.id` | Authenticated user's ID (empty string if not authenticated) |
| `@request.auth.*` | Any field from auth record (role, verified, email, etc.) |
| `@request.body.*` | Request body fields (create/update only) |
| `@request.query.*` | URL query parameters |
| `@request.headers.*` | Request headers |
| `@request.method` | HTTP method (GET, POST, etc.) |
| `@request.context` | Request context: `default`, `oauth2`, `otp`, `password`, `realtime`, `protectedFile` |
**Body field modifiers:**
```javascript
// Check if field is being set
updateRule: '@request.body.status:isset = false' // Can't change status
// Check if field changed from current value
updateRule: '@request.body.owner:changed = false' // Can't change owner
// Get length of array/string
createRule: '@request.body.tags:length <= 5' // Max 5 tags
```
Reference: [PocketBase API Rules](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-rules-and-filters/#available-fields)
## 6. Use strftime() for Date Arithmetic in Filter Expressions
**Impact: MEDIUM (strftime() (added in v0.36) replaces brittle string prefix comparisons on datetime fields)**
PocketBase v0.36 added the `strftime()` function to the filter expression grammar. It maps directly to SQLite's [strftime](https://sqlite.org/lang_datefunc.html) and is the correct way to bucket, compare, or extract parts of a datetime field. Before v0.36 people worked around this with `~` (substring) matches against the ISO string; those workarounds are fragile (they break at midnight UTC, ignore timezones, and can't handle ranges).
**Incorrect (substring match on the ISO datetime string):**
```javascript
// ❌ "matches anything whose ISO string contains 2026-04-08" - breaks as soon
// as your DB stores sub-second precision or you cross a month boundary
const todayPrefix = new Date().toISOString().slice(0, 10);
const results = await pb.collection("orders").getList(1, 50, {
filter: `created ~ "${todayPrefix}"`, // ❌
});
```
**Correct (strftime with named format specifiers):**
```javascript
// "all orders created today (UTC)"
const results = await pb.collection("orders").getList(1, 50, {
filter: `strftime('%Y-%m-%d', created) = strftime('%Y-%m-%d', @now)`,
});
// "all orders from March 2026"
await pb.collection("orders").getList(1, 50, {
filter: `strftime('%Y-%m', created) = "2026-03"`,
});
// "orders created this hour"
await pb.collection("orders").getList(1, 50, {
filter: `strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H', created) = strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H', @now)`,
});
```
```javascript
// Same function is available inside API rules:
// collection "orders" - List rule:
// @request.auth.id != "" &&
// user = @request.auth.id &&
// strftime('%Y-%m-%d', created) = strftime('%Y-%m-%d', @now)
```
**Common format specifiers:**
| Specifier | Meaning |
|---|---|
| `%Y` | 4-digit year |
| `%m` | month (01-12) |
| `%d` | day of month (01-31) |
| `%H` | hour (00-23) |
| `%M` | minute (00-59) |
| `%S` | second (00-59) |
| `%W` | ISO week (00-53) |
| `%j` | day of year (001-366) |
| `%w` | day of week (0=Sunday) |
**Other filter functions worth knowing:**
| Function | Use |
|---|---|
| `strftime(fmt, datetime)` | Format/extract datetime parts (v0.36+) |
| `length(field)` | Count elements in a multi-value field (file, relation, select) |
| `each(field, expr)` | Iterate over multi-value fields: `each(tags, ? ~ "urgent")` |
| `issetIf(field, val)` | Conditional presence check used in complex rules |
Reference: [Filter Syntax - Functions](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-rules-and-filters/#filters) · [v0.36.0 release](https://github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/releases/tag/v0.36.0)

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# Authentication
**Impact: CRITICAL**
Password authentication, OAuth2 integration, token management, MFA setup, and auth collection configuration.
---
## 1. Use Impersonation for Admin Operations
**Impact: MEDIUM (Safe admin access to user data without password sharing)**
Impersonation allows superusers to generate tokens for other users, enabling admin support tasks and API key functionality without sharing passwords.
**Incorrect (sharing credentials or bypassing auth):**
```javascript
// Bad: sharing user passwords for support
async function helpUser(userId, userPassword) {
await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(userEmail, userPassword);
// Support team knows user's password!
}
// Bad: directly modifying records without proper context
async function fixUserData(userId) {
// Bypasses user's perspective and rules
await pb.collection('posts').update(postId, { fixed: true });
}
```
**Correct (using impersonation):**
```javascript
import PocketBase from 'pocketbase';
// Admin client with superuser auth (use environment variables, never hardcode)
const adminPb = new PocketBase(process.env.PB_URL);
await adminPb.collection('_superusers').authWithPassword(
process.env.PB_SUPERUSER_EMAIL,
process.env.PB_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD
);
async function impersonateUser(userId) {
// Generate impersonation token (non-renewable)
const impersonatedClient = await adminPb
.collection('users')
.impersonate(userId, 3600); // 1 hour duration
// impersonatedClient has user's auth context
console.log('Acting as:', impersonatedClient.authStore.record.email);
// Operations use user's permissions
const userPosts = await impersonatedClient.collection('posts').getList();
return impersonatedClient;
}
// Use case: Admin viewing user's data
async function adminViewUserPosts(userId) {
const userClient = await impersonateUser(userId);
// See exactly what the user sees (respects API rules)
const posts = await userClient.collection('posts').getList();
return posts;
}
// Use case: API keys for server-to-server communication
async function createApiKey(serviceUserId) {
// Create a service impersonation token (use short durations, rotate regularly)
const serviceClient = await adminPb
.collection('service_accounts')
.impersonate(serviceUserId, 86400); // 24 hours max, rotate via scheduled task
// Return token for service to use
return serviceClient.authStore.token;
}
// Using API key token in another service
async function useApiKey(apiToken) {
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
// Manually set the token
pb.authStore.save(apiToken, null);
// Now requests use the service account's permissions
const data = await pb.collection('data').getList();
return data;
}
```
**Important considerations:**
```javascript
// Impersonation tokens are non-renewable
const client = await adminPb.collection('users').impersonate(userId, 3600);
// This will fail - can't refresh impersonation tokens
try {
await client.collection('users').authRefresh();
} catch (error) {
// Expected: impersonation tokens can't be refreshed
}
// For continuous access, generate new token when needed
async function getImpersonatedClient(userId) {
// Check if existing token is still valid
if (cachedClient?.authStore.isValid) {
return cachedClient;
}
// Generate fresh token
return await adminPb.collection('users').impersonate(userId, 3600);
}
```
**Security best practices:**
- Use short durations for support tasks
- Log all impersonation events
- Restrict impersonation to specific admin roles
- Never expose impersonation capability in client code
- Use dedicated service accounts for API keys
Reference: [PocketBase Impersonation](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/#impersonate-authentication)
## 2. Implement Multi-Factor Authentication
**Impact: HIGH (Additional security layer for sensitive applications)**
MFA requires users to authenticate with two different methods. PocketBase supports OTP (One-Time Password) via email as the second factor.
**Incorrect (single-factor only for sensitive apps):**
```javascript
// Insufficient for sensitive applications
async function login(email, password) {
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(email, password);
// User immediately has full access - no second factor
return authData;
}
```
**Correct (MFA flow with OTP):**
```javascript
import PocketBase from 'pocketbase';
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
async function loginWithMFA(email, password) {
try {
// First factor: password
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(email, password);
// If MFA not required, auth succeeds immediately
return { success: true, authData };
} catch (error) {
// MFA required - returns 401 with mfaId
if (error.status === 401 && error.response?.mfaId) {
return {
success: false,
mfaRequired: true,
mfaId: error.response.mfaId
};
}
throw error;
}
}
async function requestOTP(email) {
// Request OTP to be sent via email
const result = await pb.collection('users').requestOTP(email);
// Returns otpId - needed to verify the OTP
// Note: Returns otpId even if email doesn't exist (prevents enumeration)
return result.otpId;
}
async function completeMFAWithOTP(mfaId, otpId, otpCode) {
try {
// Second factor: OTP verification
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithOTP(
otpId,
otpCode,
{ mfaId } // Include mfaId from first factor
);
return { success: true, authData };
} catch (error) {
if (error.status === 400) {
throw new Error('Invalid or expired code');
}
throw error;
}
}
// Complete flow example
async function fullMFAFlow(email, password, otpCode = null) {
// Step 1: Password authentication
const step1 = await loginWithMFA(email, password);
if (step1.success) {
return step1.authData; // MFA not required
}
if (step1.mfaRequired) {
// Step 2: Request OTP
const otpId = await requestOTP(email);
// Step 3: UI prompts user for OTP code...
// (In real app, wait for user input)
if (otpCode) {
// Step 4: Complete MFA
const step2 = await completeMFAWithOTP(step1.mfaId, otpId, otpCode);
return step2.authData;
}
return { pendingMFA: true, mfaId: step1.mfaId, otpId };
}
}
```
**Configure MFA (Admin UI or API):**
```javascript
// Enable MFA on auth collection (superuser only)
await pb.collections.update('users', {
mfa: {
enabled: true,
duration: 1800, // MFA session duration (30 min)
rule: '' // When to require MFA (empty = always for all users)
// rule: '@request.auth.role = "admin"' // Only for admins
},
otp: {
enabled: true,
duration: 300, // OTP validity (5 min)
length: 6, // OTP code length
emailTemplate: {
subject: 'Your verification code',
body: 'Your code is: {OTP}'
}
}
});
```
**MFA best practices:**
- Always enable for admin accounts
- Consider making MFA optional for regular users
- Use short OTP durations (5-10 minutes)
- Implement rate limiting on OTP requests
- Log MFA events for security auditing
Reference: [PocketBase MFA](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/#mfa)
## 3. Integrate OAuth2 Providers Correctly
**Impact: CRITICAL (Secure third-party authentication with proper flow handling)**
OAuth2 integration should use the all-in-one method for simplicity and security. Manual code exchange should only be used when necessary (e.g., mobile apps with deep links).
**Incorrect (manual implementation without SDK):**
```javascript
// Don't manually handle OAuth flow
async function loginWithGoogle() {
// Redirect user to Google manually
window.location.href = 'https://accounts.google.com/oauth/authorize?...';
}
// Manual callback handling
async function handleCallback(code) {
// Exchange code manually - error prone!
const response = await fetch('/api/auth/callback', {
method: 'POST',
body: JSON.stringify({ code })
});
}
```
**Correct (using SDK's all-in-one method):**
```javascript
import PocketBase from 'pocketbase';
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
// All-in-one OAuth2 (recommended for web apps)
async function loginWithOAuth2(providerName) {
try {
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithOAuth2({
provider: providerName, // 'google', 'github', 'microsoft', etc.
// Optional: create new user data if not exists
createData: {
emailVisibility: true,
name: '' // Will be populated from OAuth provider
}
});
console.log('Logged in via', providerName);
console.log('User:', authData.record.email);
console.log('Is new user:', authData.meta?.isNew);
return authData;
} catch (error) {
if (error.isAbort) {
console.log('OAuth popup was closed');
return null;
}
throw error;
}
}
// Usage
document.getElementById('google-btn').onclick = () => loginWithOAuth2('google');
document.getElementById('github-btn').onclick = () => loginWithOAuth2('github');
```
**Manual code exchange (for React Native / deep links):**
```javascript
// Only use when all-in-one isn't possible
async function loginWithOAuth2Manual() {
// Get auth methods - PocketBase provides state and codeVerifier
const authMethods = await pb.collection('users').listAuthMethods();
const provider = authMethods.oauth2.providers.find(p => p.name === 'google');
// Store the provider's state and codeVerifier for callback verification
// PocketBase generates these for you - don't create your own
sessionStorage.setItem('oauth_state', provider.state);
sessionStorage.setItem('oauth_code_verifier', provider.codeVerifier);
// Build the OAuth URL using provider.authURL + redirect
const redirectUrl = window.location.origin + '/oauth-callback';
const authUrl = provider.authURL + encodeURIComponent(redirectUrl);
// Redirect to OAuth provider
window.location.href = authUrl;
}
// In your callback handler (e.g., /oauth-callback page):
async function handleOAuth2Callback() {
const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
// CSRF protection: verify state matches
if (params.get('state') !== sessionStorage.getItem('oauth_state')) {
throw new Error('State mismatch - potential CSRF attack');
}
const code = params.get('code');
const codeVerifier = sessionStorage.getItem('oauth_code_verifier');
const redirectUrl = window.location.origin + '/oauth-callback';
// Exchange code for auth token
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithOAuth2Code(
'google',
code,
codeVerifier,
redirectUrl,
{ emailVisibility: true }
);
// Clean up
sessionStorage.removeItem('oauth_state');
sessionStorage.removeItem('oauth_code_verifier');
return authData;
}
```
**Configure OAuth2 provider (Admin UI or API):**
```javascript
// Via API (superuser only) - usually done in Admin UI
// IMPORTANT: Never hardcode client secrets. Use environment variables.
await pb.collections.update('users', {
oauth2: {
enabled: true,
providers: [{
name: 'google',
clientId: process.env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID,
clientSecret: process.env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET
}],
mappedFields: {
avatarURL: 'avatar' // Map OAuth field to collection field
}
}
});
```
Reference: [PocketBase OAuth2](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/#oauth2-authentication)
## 4. Use authWithOTP for Email One-Time Codes, Rate-Limit requestOTP
**Impact: HIGH (OTP endpoints are unauthenticated; unthrottled requestOTP enables email bombing and enumeration)**
Auth collections can enable **OTP login** from the admin UI (Collection → Options → "Enable OTP"). The client flow is two steps: `requestOTP(email)` returns an `otpId`, then `authWithOTP(otpId, code)` exchanges the id + code for an auth token. Two things trip people up: (1) the OTP response is **the same whether the email exists or not** - do not break that by leaking a distinct error; (2) `requestOTP` sends an email, so **it must be rate-limited** or an attacker can use it to spam any address.
**Incorrect (leaks existence, custom requestOTP with no rate limit):**
```javascript
// ❌ Client-side existence check - ignore the 404 and expose it to the user
try {
await pb.collection("users").getFirstListItem(`email="${email}"`);
} catch (e) {
alert("No account with that email"); // ❌ account enumeration
return;
}
// ❌ Ad-hoc route with no rate limit - attacker hammers this to spam mailboxes
routerAdd("POST", "/api/myapp/otp", (e) => {
const body = e.requestInfo().body;
const user = $app.findAuthRecordByEmail("users", body.email);
// send custom email...
return e.json(200, { ok: true });
});
```
**Correct (use the built-in flow, step 1 always returns an otpId):**
```javascript
// Step 1: request the code. Always returns { otpId } - even if the email
// does not exist, PocketBase returns a synthetic id so enumeration is
// impossible. Treat every response as success from the UI perspective.
const { otpId } = await pb.collection("users").requestOTP("user@example.com");
// Step 2: exchange otpId + the 8-digit code the user typed
const authData = await pb.collection("users").authWithOTP(
otpId,
"12345678",
);
// pb.authStore is now populated
```
```go
// Go side - rate-limit and log if you wrap your own endpoint
app.OnRecordRequestOTPRequest("users").BindFunc(func(e *core.RecordRequestOTPRequestEvent) error {
// e.Collection, e.Record (may be nil - synthetic id path),
// e.Email (always present), e.Password (unused for OTP)
e.App.Logger().Info("otp requested",
"email", e.Email,
"ip", e.RequestInfo.Headers["x_forwarded_for"])
return e.Next() // REQUIRED
})
```
**Rules:**
- `requestOTP` **always returns 200 with an otpId**, even for non-existent emails - preserve that by never adding a pre-check or a different error path.
- Enable the built-in rate limiter (see `deploy-rate-limiting.md`) and raise the cost for the `*:requestOTP` label. Without this, an attacker can email-bomb arbitrary users.
- The OTP code is 8 digits by default, with a 3-minute TTL. Do not extend the TTL - short windows are the whole point.
- `authWithOTP` consumes the code; a successful call invalidates the `otpId`. Always show a generic "invalid or expired code" on failure.
- If you want OTP **without a password**, set the collection's `Password` option to off and `OTP` on. If both are enabled, users can use either.
- OTP emails are sent via the configured SMTP server. In dev, point SMTP at Mailpit or a console logger before testing - do **not** ship with the default "no-reply@example.com" sender.
Reference: [Auth with OTP](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/#auth-with-otp) · [JS SDK - authWithOTP](https://github.com/pocketbase/js-sdk#authwithotp)
## 5. Implement Secure Password Authentication
**Impact: CRITICAL (Secure user login with proper error handling and token management)**
Password authentication should include proper error handling, avoid exposing whether emails exist, and correctly manage the auth store.
**Incorrect (exposing information and poor error handling):**
```javascript
// Dangerous: exposes whether email exists
async function login(email, password) {
const user = await pb.collection('users').getFirstListItem(`email = "${email}"`);
if (!user) {
throw new Error('Email not found'); // Reveals email doesn't exist
}
// Manual password check - never do this!
if (user.password !== password) {
throw new Error('Wrong password'); // Reveals password is wrong
}
return user;
}
```
**Correct (secure authentication):**
```javascript
import PocketBase from 'pocketbase';
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
async function login(email, password) {
try {
// authWithPassword handles hashing and returns token
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(email, password);
// Token is automatically stored in pb.authStore
console.log('Logged in as:', authData.record.email);
console.log('Token valid:', pb.authStore.isValid);
return authData;
} catch (error) {
// Generic error message - don't reveal if email exists
if (error.status === 400) {
throw new Error('Invalid email or password');
}
throw error;
}
}
// Check if user is authenticated
function isAuthenticated() {
return pb.authStore.isValid;
}
// Get current user
function getCurrentUser() {
return pb.authStore.record;
}
// Logout
function logout() {
pb.authStore.clear();
}
// Listen for auth changes
pb.authStore.onChange((token, record) => {
console.log('Auth state changed:', record?.email || 'logged out');
}, true); // true = fire immediately with current state
```
**Auth collection configuration for password auth:**
```javascript
// When creating auth collection via API (superuser only)
await pb.collections.create({
name: 'users',
type: 'auth',
fields: [
{ name: 'name', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'avatar', type: 'file', options: { maxSelect: 1 } }
],
passwordAuth: {
enabled: true,
identityFields: ['email', 'username'] // Fields that can be used to login
},
// Require minimum password length
// (configured in Admin UI under collection options)
});
```
**Security considerations:**
- Never store passwords in plain text
- Use generic error messages
- Implement rate limiting on your server
- Consider adding MFA for sensitive applications
Reference: [PocketBase Auth](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/)
## 6. Manage Auth Tokens Properly
**Impact: CRITICAL (Prevents unauthorized access, handles token expiration gracefully)**
Auth tokens should be refreshed before expiration, validated on critical operations, and properly cleared on logout. The SDK's authStore handles most of this automatically.
**Incorrect (ignoring token expiration):**
```javascript
// Bad: never checking token validity
async function fetchUserData() {
// Token might be expired!
const records = await pb.collection('posts').getList();
return records;
}
// Bad: manually managing tokens
let authToken = localStorage.getItem('token');
fetch('/api/posts', {
headers: { 'Authorization': authToken } // Token might be invalid
});
```
**Correct (proper token management):**
```javascript
import PocketBase from 'pocketbase';
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
// Check token validity before operations
async function fetchSecureData() {
// authStore.isValid is a client-side check only (JWT expiry parsing).
// Always verify server-side with authRefresh() for critical operations.
if (!pb.authStore.isValid) {
throw new Error('Please log in');
}
return pb.collection('posts').getList();
}
// Refresh token periodically or before expiration
async function refreshAuthIfNeeded() {
if (!pb.authStore.isValid) {
return false;
}
try {
// Verifies current token and returns fresh one
await pb.collection('users').authRefresh();
console.log('Token refreshed');
return true;
} catch (error) {
// Token invalid - user needs to re-authenticate
pb.authStore.clear();
return false;
}
}
// Auto-refresh on app initialization
async function initializeAuth() {
if (pb.authStore.token) {
try {
await pb.collection('users').authRefresh();
} catch {
pb.authStore.clear();
}
}
}
// Listen for auth changes and handle expiration
pb.authStore.onChange((token, record) => {
if (!token) {
// User logged out or token cleared
redirectToLogin();
}
});
// Setup periodic refresh (e.g., every 10 minutes)
setInterval(async () => {
if (pb.authStore.isValid) {
try {
await pb.collection('users').authRefresh();
} catch {
pb.authStore.clear();
}
}
}, 10 * 60 * 1000);
```
**SSR / Server-side token handling:**
```javascript
// Server-side: create fresh client per request
export async function handleRequest(request) {
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
// Load auth from cookie
pb.authStore.loadFromCookie(request.headers.get('cookie') || '');
// Validate and refresh
if (pb.authStore.isValid) {
try {
await pb.collection('users').authRefresh();
} catch {
pb.authStore.clear();
}
}
// ... handle request ...
// Send updated cookie with secure options
const response = new Response();
response.headers.set('set-cookie', pb.authStore.exportToCookie({
httpOnly: true, // Prevent XSS access to auth token
secure: true, // HTTPS only
sameSite: 'Lax', // CSRF protection
}));
return response;
}
```
**Token configuration (Admin UI or migration):**
```javascript
// Configure token durations (superuser only)
await pb.collections.update('users', {
authToken: {
duration: 1209600 // 14 days in seconds
},
verificationToken: {
duration: 604800 // 7 days
}
});
```
Reference: [PocketBase Auth Store](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
# Collection Design
**Impact: CRITICAL**
Schema design, field types, relations, indexes, and collection type selection. Foundation for application architecture and long-term maintainability.
---
## 1. Use Auth Collections for User Accounts
**Impact: CRITICAL (Built-in authentication, password hashing, OAuth2 support)**
Auth collections provide built-in authentication features including secure password hashing, email verification, OAuth2 support, and token management. Using base collections for users requires reimplementing these security-critical features.
**Incorrect (using base collection for users):**
```javascript
// Base collection loses all auth features
const usersCollection = {
name: 'users',
type: 'base', // Wrong! No auth capabilities
schema: [
{ name: 'email', type: 'email' },
{ name: 'password', type: 'text' }, // Stored in plain text!
{ name: 'name', type: 'text' }
]
};
// Manual login implementation - insecure
const user = await pb.collection('users').getFirstListItem(
`email = "${email}" && password = "${password}"` // SQL injection risk!
);
```
**Correct (using auth collection):**
```javascript
// Auth collection with built-in security
const usersCollection = {
name: 'users',
type: 'auth', // Enables authentication features
schema: [
{ name: 'name', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'avatar', type: 'file', options: { maxSelect: 1 } }
],
options: {
allowEmailAuth: true,
allowOAuth2Auth: true,
requireEmail: true,
minPasswordLength: 8
}
};
// Secure authentication with password hashing
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(
'user@example.com',
'securePassword123'
);
// Token automatically stored in authStore
// NOTE: Never log tokens in production - shown here for illustration only
console.log('Authenticated as:', pb.authStore.record.id);
```
**When to use each type:**
- **Auth collection**: User accounts, admin accounts, any entity that needs to log in
- **Base collection**: Regular data like posts, products, orders, comments
- **View collection**: Read-only aggregations or complex queries
Reference: [PocketBase Auth Collections](https://pocketbase.io/docs/collections/#auth-collection)
## 2. Choose Appropriate Field Types for Your Data
**Impact: CRITICAL (Prevents data corruption, improves query performance, reduces storage)**
Selecting the wrong field type leads to data validation issues, wasted storage, and poor query performance. PocketBase provides specialized field types that enforce constraints at the database level.
**Incorrect (using text for everything):**
```javascript
// Using plain text fields for structured data
const collection = {
name: 'products',
schema: [
{ name: 'price', type: 'text' }, // Should be number
{ name: 'email', type: 'text' }, // Should be email
{ name: 'website', type: 'text' }, // Should be url
{ name: 'active', type: 'text' }, // Should be bool
{ name: 'tags', type: 'text' }, // Should be select or json
{ name: 'created', type: 'text' } // Should be autodate
]
};
// No validation, inconsistent data, manual parsing required
```
**Correct (using appropriate field types):**
```javascript
// Using specialized field types with proper validation
const collection = {
name: 'products',
type: 'base',
schema: [
{ name: 'price', type: 'number', options: { min: 0 } },
{ name: 'email', type: 'email' },
{ name: 'website', type: 'url' },
{ name: 'active', type: 'bool' },
{ name: 'tags', type: 'select', options: {
maxSelect: 5,
values: ['electronics', 'clothing', 'food', 'other']
}},
{ name: 'metadata', type: 'json' }
// created/updated are automatic system fields
]
};
// Built-in validation, proper indexing, type-safe queries
```
**Available field types:**
- `text` - Plain text with optional min/max length, regex pattern
- `number` - Integer or decimal with optional min/max
- `bool` - True/false values
- `email` - Email with format validation
- `url` - URL with format validation
- `date` - Date/datetime values
- `autodate` - Auto-set on create/update
- `select` - Single or multi-select from predefined values
- `json` - Arbitrary JSON data
- `file` - File attachments
- `relation` - References to other collections
- `editor` - Rich text HTML content
Reference: [PocketBase Collections](https://pocketbase.io/docs/collections/)
## 3. Use GeoPoint Fields for Location Data
**Impact: MEDIUM (Built-in geographic queries, distance calculations)**
PocketBase provides a dedicated GeoPoint field type for storing geographic coordinates with built-in distance query support via `geoDistance()`.
**Incorrect (storing coordinates as separate fields):**
```javascript
// Separate lat/lon fields - no built-in distance queries
const placesSchema = [
{ name: 'name', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'latitude', type: 'number' },
{ name: 'longitude', type: 'number' }
];
// Manual distance calculation - complex and slow
async function findNearby(lat, lon, maxKm) {
const places = await pb.collection('places').getFullList();
// Calculate distance for every record client-side
return places.filter(place => {
const dist = haversine(lat, lon, place.latitude, place.longitude);
return dist <= maxKm;
});
}
```
**Correct (using GeoPoint field):**
```javascript
// GeoPoint field stores coordinates as { lon, lat } object
const placesSchema = [
{ name: 'name', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'location', type: 'geopoint' }
];
// Creating a record with GeoPoint
await pb.collection('places').create({
name: 'Coffee Shop',
location: { lon: -73.9857, lat: 40.7484 } // Note: lon first!
});
// Or using "lon,lat" string format
await pb.collection('places').create({
name: 'Restaurant',
location: '-73.9857,40.7484' // String format also works
});
// Query nearby locations using geoDistance()
async function findNearby(lon, lat, maxKm) {
// geoDistance returns distance in kilometers
const places = await pb.collection('places').getList(1, 50, {
filter: pb.filter(
'geoDistance(location, {:point}) <= {:maxKm}',
{
point: { lon, lat },
maxKm: maxKm
}
),
sort: pb.filter('geoDistance(location, {:point})', { point: { lon, lat } })
});
return places;
}
// Find places within 5km of Times Square
const nearbyPlaces = await findNearby(-73.9857, 40.7580, 5);
// Use in API rules for location-based access
// listRule: geoDistance(location, @request.query.point) <= 10
```
**geoDistance() function:**
```javascript
// Syntax: geoDistance(geopointField, referencePoint)
// Returns: distance in kilometers
// In filter expressions
filter: 'geoDistance(location, "-73.9857,40.7484") <= 5'
// With parameter binding (recommended)
filter: pb.filter('geoDistance(location, {:center}) <= {:radius}', {
center: { lon: -73.9857, lat: 40.7484 },
radius: 5
})
// Sorting by distance
sort: 'geoDistance(location, "-73.9857,40.7484")' // Closest first
sort: '-geoDistance(location, "-73.9857,40.7484")' // Farthest first
```
**GeoPoint data format:**
```javascript
// Object format (recommended)
{ lon: -73.9857, lat: 40.7484 }
// String format
"-73.9857,40.7484" // "lon,lat" order
// Important: longitude comes FIRST (GeoJSON convention)
```
**Use cases:**
- Store-locator / find nearby
- Delivery radius validation
- Geofencing in API rules
- Location-based search results
**Limitations:**
- Spherical Earth calculation (accurate to ~0.3%)
- No polygon/area containment queries
- Single point per field (use multiple fields for routes)
Reference: [PocketBase GeoPoint](https://pocketbase.io/docs/collections/#geopoint)
## 4. Create Indexes for Frequently Filtered Fields
**Impact: CRITICAL (10-100x faster queries on large collections)**
PocketBase uses SQLite which benefits significantly from proper indexing. Queries filtering or sorting on unindexed fields perform full table scans.
**Incorrect (no indexes on filtered fields):**
```javascript
// Querying without indexes
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
filter: 'author = "user123" && status = "published"',
sort: '-publishedAt'
});
// Full table scan on large collections - very slow
// API rules also query without indexes
// listRule: "author = @request.auth.id"
// Every list request scans entire table
```
**Correct (indexed fields):**
```javascript
// Create collection with indexes via Admin UI or migration
// In PocketBase Admin: Collection > Indexes > Add Index
// Common index patterns:
// 1. Single field index for equality filters
// CREATE INDEX idx_posts_author ON posts(author)
// 2. Composite index for multiple filters
// CREATE INDEX idx_posts_author_status ON posts(author, status)
// 3. Index with sort field
// CREATE INDEX idx_posts_status_published ON posts(status, publishedAt DESC)
// Queries now use indexes
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
filter: 'author = "user123" && status = "published"',
sort: '-publishedAt'
});
// Index scan - fast even with millions of records
// For unique constraints (e.g., slug)
// CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_posts_slug ON posts(slug)
```
**Index recommendations:**
- Fields used in `filter` expressions
- Fields used in `sort` parameters
- Fields used in API rules (`listRule`, `viewRule`, etc.)
- Relation fields (automatically indexed)
- Unique fields like slugs or codes
**Index considerations for SQLite:**
- Composite indexes work left-to-right (order matters)
- Too many indexes slow down writes
- Use `EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN` in SQL to verify index usage
- Partial indexes for filtered subsets
```sql
-- Check if index is used
EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN
SELECT * FROM posts WHERE author = 'user123' AND status = 'published';
-- Should show "USING INDEX" not "SCAN"
```
Reference: [SQLite Query Planning](https://www.sqlite.org/queryplanner.html)
## 5. Configure Relations with Proper Cascade Options
**Impact: CRITICAL (Maintains referential integrity, prevents orphaned records, controls deletion behavior)**
Relation fields connect collections together. Proper cascade configuration ensures data integrity when referenced records are deleted.
**Incorrect (default cascade behavior not considered):**
```javascript
// Relation without considering deletion behavior
const ordersSchema = [
{ name: 'customer', type: 'relation', options: {
collectionId: 'customers_collection_id',
maxSelect: 1
// No cascade options specified - defaults may cause issues
}},
{ name: 'products', type: 'relation', options: {
collectionId: 'products_collection_id'
// Multiple products, no cascade handling
}}
];
// Deleting a customer may fail or orphan orders
await pb.collection('customers').delete(customerId);
// Error: record is referenced by other records
```
**Correct (explicit cascade configuration):**
```javascript
// Carefully configured relations
const ordersSchema = [
{
name: 'customer',
type: 'relation',
required: true,
options: {
collectionId: 'customers_collection_id',
maxSelect: 1,
cascadeDelete: false // Prevent accidental mass deletion
}
},
{
name: 'products',
type: 'relation',
options: {
collectionId: 'products_collection_id',
maxSelect: 99,
cascadeDelete: false
}
}
];
// For dependent data like comments - cascade delete makes sense
const commentsSchema = [
{
name: 'post',
type: 'relation',
options: {
collectionId: 'posts_collection_id',
maxSelect: 1,
cascadeDelete: true // Delete comments when post is deleted
}
}
];
// NOTE: For audit logs, avoid cascadeDelete - logs should be retained
// for compliance/forensics even after the referenced user is deleted.
// Use cascadeDelete: false and handle user deletion separately.
// Handle deletion manually when cascade is false
try {
await pb.collection('customers').delete(customerId);
} catch (e) {
if (e.status === 400) {
// Customer has orders - handle appropriately
// Option 1: Soft delete (set 'deleted' flag)
// Option 2: Reassign orders
// Option 3: Delete orders first
}
}
```
**Cascade options:**
- `cascadeDelete: true` - Delete referencing records when referenced record is deleted
- `cascadeDelete: false` - Block deletion if references exist (default for required relations)
**Best practices:**
- Use `cascadeDelete: true` for dependent data (comments on posts, logs for users)
- Use `cascadeDelete: false` for important data (orders, transactions)
- Consider soft deletes for audit trails
- Document your cascade strategy
Reference: [PocketBase Relations](https://pocketbase.io/docs/collections/#relation)
## 6. Use View Collections for Complex Read-Only Queries
**Impact: HIGH (Simplifies complex queries, improves maintainability, enables aggregations)**
View collections execute custom SQL queries and expose results through the standard API. They're ideal for aggregations, joins, and computed fields without duplicating logic across your application.
**Incorrect (computing aggregations client-side):**
```javascript
// Fetching all records to compute stats client-side
const orders = await pb.collection('orders').getFullList();
const products = await pb.collection('products').getFullList();
// Expensive client-side computation
const stats = orders.reduce((acc, order) => {
const product = products.find(p => p.id === order.product);
acc.totalRevenue += order.quantity * product.price;
acc.orderCount++;
return acc;
}, { totalRevenue: 0, orderCount: 0 });
// Fetches all data, slow, memory-intensive
```
**Correct (using view collection):**
```javascript
// Create a view collection in PocketBase Admin UI or via API
// View SQL:
// SELECT
// p.id,
// p.name,
// COUNT(o.id) as order_count,
// SUM(o.quantity) as total_sold,
// SUM(o.quantity * p.price) as revenue
// FROM products p
// LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.product = p.id
// GROUP BY p.id
// Simple, efficient query
const productStats = await pb.collection('product_stats').getList(1, 20, {
sort: '-revenue'
});
// Each record has computed fields
productStats.items.forEach(stat => {
console.log(`${stat.name}: ${stat.order_count} orders, $${stat.revenue}`);
});
```
**View collection use cases:**
- Aggregations (COUNT, SUM, AVG)
- Joining data from multiple collections
- Computed/derived fields
- Denormalized read models
- Dashboard statistics
**Limitations:**
- Read-only (no create/update/delete)
- Must return `id` column
- No realtime subscriptions
- API rules still apply for access control
Reference: [PocketBase View Collections](https://pocketbase.io/docs/collections/#view-collection)

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@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
# File Handling
**Impact: MEDIUM**
File uploads, URL generation, thumbnail creation, and validation patterns.
---
## 1. Generate File URLs Correctly
**Impact: MEDIUM (Proper URLs with thumbnails and access control)**
Use the SDK's `getURL` method to generate proper file URLs with thumbnail support and access tokens for protected files.
**Incorrect (manually constructing URLs):**
```javascript
// Hardcoded URL construction - brittle
const imageUrl = `http://localhost:8090/api/files/${record.collectionId}/${record.id}/${record.image}`;
// Missing token for protected files
const privateUrl = pb.files.getURL(record, record.document);
// Returns URL but file access denied if protected!
// Wrong thumbnail syntax
const thumb = `${imageUrl}?thumb=100x100`; // Wrong format
```
**Correct (using SDK methods):**
```javascript
// Basic file URL
const imageUrl = pb.files.getURL(record, record.image);
// Returns: http://host/api/files/COLLECTION/RECORD_ID/filename.jpg
// With thumbnail (for images only)
const thumbUrl = pb.files.getURL(record, record.image, {
thumb: '100x100' // Width x Height
});
// Thumbnail options
const thumbs = {
square: pb.files.getURL(record, record.image, { thumb: '100x100' }),
fit: pb.files.getURL(record, record.image, { thumb: '100x0' }), // Fit width
fitHeight: pb.files.getURL(record, record.image, { thumb: '0x100' }), // Fit height
crop: pb.files.getURL(record, record.image, { thumb: '100x100t' }), // Top crop
cropBottom: pb.files.getURL(record, record.image, { thumb: '100x100b' }), // Bottom
force: pb.files.getURL(record, record.image, { thumb: '100x100f' }), // Force exact
};
// Protected files (require auth)
async function getProtectedFileUrl(record, filename) {
// Get file access token (valid for limited time)
const token = await pb.files.getToken();
// Include token in URL
return pb.files.getURL(record, filename, { token });
}
// Example with protected document
async function downloadDocument(record) {
const token = await pb.files.getToken();
const url = pb.files.getURL(record, record.document, { token });
// Token is appended: ...?token=xxx
window.open(url, '_blank');
}
```
**React component example:**
```jsx
function UserAvatar({ user, size = 50 }) {
if (!user.avatar) {
return <DefaultAvatar size={size} />;
}
const avatarUrl = pb.files.getURL(user, user.avatar, {
thumb: `${size}x${size}`
});
return (
<img
src={avatarUrl}
alt={user.name}
width={size}
height={size}
loading="lazy"
/>
);
}
function ImageGallery({ record }) {
// Record has multiple images
const images = record.images || [];
return (
<div className="gallery">
{images.map((filename, index) => (
<img
key={filename}
src={pb.files.getURL(record, filename, { thumb: '200x200' })}
onClick={() => openFullSize(record, filename)}
loading="lazy"
/>
))}
</div>
);
}
function openFullSize(record, filename) {
const fullUrl = pb.files.getURL(record, filename);
window.open(fullUrl, '_blank');
}
```
**Handling file URLs in lists:**
```javascript
// Efficiently generate URLs for list of records
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
expand: 'author'
});
const postsWithUrls = posts.items.map(post => ({
...post,
thumbnailUrl: post.image
? pb.files.getURL(post, post.image, { thumb: '300x200' })
: null,
authorAvatarUrl: post.expand?.author?.avatar
? pb.files.getURL(post.expand.author, post.expand.author.avatar, { thumb: '40x40' })
: null
}));
```
**Thumbnail format reference:**
| Format | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| `WxH` | Fit within dimensions |
| `Wx0` | Fit width, auto height |
| `0xH` | Auto width, fit height |
| `WxHt` | Crop from top |
| `WxHb` | Crop from bottom |
| `WxHf` | Force exact dimensions |
**Performance and caching:**
```javascript
// File URLs are effectively immutable (randomized filenames on upload).
// This makes them ideal for aggressive caching.
// Configure Cache-Control via reverse proxy (Nginx/Caddy):
// location /api/files/ { add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable, max-age=86400"; }
// Thumbnails are generated on first request and cached by PocketBase.
// Pre-generate expected thumb sizes after upload to avoid cold-start latency:
async function uploadWithThumbs(record, file) {
const updated = await pb.collection('posts').update(record.id, { image: file });
// Pre-warm thumbnail cache by requesting expected sizes
const sizes = ['100x100', '300x200', '800x600'];
await Promise.all(sizes.map(size =>
fetch(pb.files.getURL(updated, updated.image, { thumb: size }))
));
return updated;
}
```
**S3 file serving optimization:**
When using S3 storage, PocketBase proxies all file requests through the server. For better performance with public files, serve directly from your S3 CDN:
```javascript
// Default: All file requests proxy through PocketBase
const url = pb.files.getURL(record, record.image);
// -> https://myapp.com/api/files/COLLECTION/ID/filename.jpg (proxied)
// For public files with S3 + CDN, construct CDN URL directly:
const cdnBase = 'https://cdn.myapp.com'; // Your S3 CDN domain
const cdnUrl = `${cdnBase}/${record.collectionId}/${record.id}/${record.image}`;
// Bypasses PocketBase, served directly from CDN edge
// NOTE: This only works for public files (no access token needed).
// Protected files must go through PocketBase for token validation.
```
Reference: [PocketBase Files](https://pocketbase.io/docs/files-handling/)
> **Note (JS SDK v0.26.7):** `pb.files.getURL()` now serializes query parameters the same way as the fetch methods — passing `null` or `undefined` as a query param value is silently skipped from the generated URL, so you no longer need to guard optional params before passing them to `getURL()`.
## 2. Upload Files Correctly
**Impact: MEDIUM (Reliable uploads with progress tracking and validation)**
File uploads can use plain objects or FormData. Handle large files properly with progress tracking and appropriate error handling.
**Incorrect (naive file upload):**
```javascript
// Missing error handling
async function uploadFile(file) {
await pb.collection('documents').create({
title: file.name,
file: file
});
// No error handling, no progress feedback
}
// Uploading without validation
async function uploadAvatar(file) {
await pb.collection('users').update(userId, {
avatar: file // No size/type check - might fail server-side
});
}
// Base64 upload (inefficient)
async function uploadImage(base64) {
await pb.collection('images').create({
image: base64 // Wrong! PocketBase expects File/Blob
});
}
```
**Correct (proper file uploads):**
```javascript
// Basic upload with object (auto-converts to FormData)
async function uploadDocument(file, metadata) {
try {
const record = await pb.collection('documents').create({
title: metadata.title,
description: metadata.description,
file: file // File object from input
});
return record;
} catch (error) {
if (error.response?.data?.file) {
throw new Error(`File error: ${error.response.data.file.message}`);
}
throw error;
}
}
// Upload multiple files
async function uploadGallery(files, albumId) {
const record = await pb.collection('albums').update(albumId, {
images: files // Array of File objects
});
return record;
}
// FormData for more control
async function uploadWithProgress(file, onProgress) {
const formData = new FormData();
formData.append('title', file.name);
formData.append('file', file);
// Using fetch directly for progress (SDK doesn't expose progress)
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.upload.addEventListener('progress', (e) => {
if (e.lengthComputable) {
onProgress(Math.round((e.loaded / e.total) * 100));
}
});
xhr.addEventListener('load', () => {
if (xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300) {
resolve(JSON.parse(xhr.responseText));
} else {
reject(new Error(`Upload failed: ${xhr.status}`));
}
});
xhr.addEventListener('error', () => reject(new Error('Upload failed')));
xhr.open('POST', `${pb.baseURL}/api/collections/documents/records`);
xhr.setRequestHeader('Authorization', pb.authStore.token);
xhr.send(formData);
});
}
// Client-side validation before upload
function validateFile(file, options = {}) {
const {
maxSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024, // 10MB default
allowedTypes = ['image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'image/gif', 'application/pdf'],
maxNameLength = 100
} = options;
const errors = [];
if (file.size > maxSize) {
errors.push(`File too large. Max: ${maxSize / 1024 / 1024}MB`);
}
if (!allowedTypes.includes(file.type)) {
errors.push(`Invalid file type: ${file.type}`);
}
if (file.name.length > maxNameLength) {
errors.push(`Filename too long`);
}
return { valid: errors.length === 0, errors };
}
// Complete upload flow
async function handleFileUpload(inputEvent) {
const file = inputEvent.target.files[0];
if (!file) return;
// Validate
const validation = validateFile(file, {
maxSize: 5 * 1024 * 1024,
allowedTypes: ['image/jpeg', 'image/png']
});
if (!validation.valid) {
showError(validation.errors.join(', '));
return;
}
// Upload with progress
try {
setUploading(true);
const record = await uploadWithProgress(file, setProgress);
showSuccess('Upload complete!');
return record;
} catch (error) {
showError(error.message);
} finally {
setUploading(false);
}
}
```
**Deleting files:**
```javascript
// Remove specific file(s) from record
await pb.collection('albums').update(albumId, {
'images-': ['filename1.jpg', 'filename2.jpg'] // Remove these files
});
// Clear all files
await pb.collection('documents').update(docId, {
file: null // Removes the file
});
```
Reference: [PocketBase File Upload](https://pocketbase.io/docs/files-handling/)
## 3. Validate File Uploads
**Impact: MEDIUM (Prevents invalid uploads, improves security and UX)**
Validate files on both client and server side. Client validation improves UX; server validation (via collection settings) enforces security.
**Incorrect (no validation):**
```javascript
// Accepting any file without checks
async function uploadFile(file) {
return pb.collection('uploads').create({ file });
// Could upload 1GB executable!
}
// Only checking extension (easily bypassed)
function validateFile(file) {
const ext = file.name.split('.').pop();
return ['jpg', 'png'].includes(ext);
// User can rename virus.exe to virus.jpg
}
// Client-only validation (can be bypassed)
async function uploadAvatar(file) {
if (file.size > 1024 * 1024) {
throw new Error('Too large');
}
// Attacker can bypass this with dev tools
return pb.collection('users').update(userId, { avatar: file });
}
```
**Correct (comprehensive validation):**
```javascript
// 1. Configure server-side validation in collection settings
// In Admin UI or via API:
const collectionConfig = {
schema: [
{
name: 'avatar',
type: 'file',
options: {
maxSelect: 1, // Single file only
maxSize: 5242880, // 5MB in bytes
mimeTypes: [ // Allowed types
'image/jpeg',
'image/png',
'image/gif',
'image/webp'
],
thumbs: ['100x100', '200x200'] // Auto-generate thumbnails
}
},
{
name: 'documents',
type: 'file',
options: {
maxSelect: 10,
maxSize: 10485760, // 10MB
mimeTypes: [
'application/pdf',
'application/msword',
'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document'
]
}
}
]
};
// 2. Client-side validation for better UX
const FILE_CONSTRAINTS = {
avatar: {
maxSize: 5 * 1024 * 1024,
allowedTypes: ['image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'image/gif', 'image/webp'],
maxFiles: 1
},
documents: {
maxSize: 10 * 1024 * 1024,
allowedTypes: ['application/pdf'],
maxFiles: 10
}
};
function validateFiles(files, constraintKey) {
const constraints = FILE_CONSTRAINTS[constraintKey];
const errors = [];
const validFiles = [];
if (files.length > constraints.maxFiles) {
errors.push(`Maximum ${constraints.maxFiles} file(s) allowed`);
}
for (const file of files) {
const fileErrors = [];
// Check size
if (file.size > constraints.maxSize) {
const maxMB = constraints.maxSize / 1024 / 1024;
fileErrors.push(`${file.name}: exceeds ${maxMB}MB limit`);
}
// Check MIME type (more reliable than extension, but still spoofable)
// Client-side file.type is based on extension, not file content.
// Always enforce mimeTypes in PocketBase collection settings for server-side validation.
if (!constraints.allowedTypes.includes(file.type)) {
fileErrors.push(`${file.name}: invalid file type (${file.type || 'unknown'})`);
}
// Check for suspicious patterns
if (file.name.includes('..') || file.name.includes('/')) {
fileErrors.push(`${file.name}: invalid filename`);
}
if (fileErrors.length === 0) {
validFiles.push(file);
} else {
errors.push(...fileErrors);
}
}
return {
valid: errors.length === 0,
errors,
validFiles
};
}
// 3. Complete upload with validation
async function handleAvatarUpload(inputElement) {
const files = Array.from(inputElement.files);
// Client validation
const validation = validateFiles(files, 'avatar');
if (!validation.valid) {
showErrors(validation.errors);
return null;
}
// Upload (server will also validate)
try {
const updated = await pb.collection('users').update(userId, {
avatar: validation.validFiles[0]
});
showSuccess('Avatar updated!');
return updated;
} catch (error) {
// Handle server validation errors
if (error.response?.data?.avatar) {
showError(error.response.data.avatar.message);
} else {
showError('Upload failed');
}
return null;
}
}
// 4. Image-specific validation
async function validateImage(file, options = {}) {
const { minWidth = 0, minHeight = 0, maxWidth = Infinity, maxHeight = Infinity } = options;
return new Promise((resolve) => {
const img = new Image();
img.onload = () => {
const errors = [];
if (img.width < minWidth || img.height < minHeight) {
errors.push(`Image must be at least ${minWidth}x${minHeight}px`);
}
if (img.width > maxWidth || img.height > maxHeight) {
errors.push(`Image must be at most ${maxWidth}x${maxHeight}px`);
}
resolve({ valid: errors.length === 0, errors, width: img.width, height: img.height });
};
img.onerror = () => resolve({ valid: false, errors: ['Invalid image file'] });
img.src = URL.createObjectURL(file);
});
}
```
Reference: [PocketBase Files Configuration](https://pocketbase.io/docs/files-handling/)

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@@ -0,0 +1,974 @@
# Production & Deployment
**Impact: LOW-MEDIUM**
Backup strategies, configuration management, reverse proxy setup, and SQLite optimization.
---
## 1. Implement Proper Backup Strategies
**Impact: LOW-MEDIUM (Prevents data loss, enables disaster recovery)**
Regular backups are essential for production deployments. PocketBase provides built-in backup functionality and supports external S3 storage.
**Incorrect (no backup strategy):**
```javascript
// No backups at all - disaster waiting to happen
// Just running: ./pocketbase serve
// Manual file copy while server running - can corrupt data
// cp pb_data/data.db backup/
// Only backing up database, missing files
// sqlite3 pb_data/data.db ".backup backup.db"
```
**Correct (comprehensive backup strategy):**
```javascript
// 1. Using PocketBase Admin API for backups
const adminPb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
await adminPb.collection('_superusers').authWithPassword(admin, password);
// Create backup (includes database and files)
async function createBackup(name = '') {
const backup = await adminPb.backups.create(name);
console.log('Backup created:', backup.key);
return backup;
}
// List available backups
async function listBackups() {
const backups = await adminPb.backups.getFullList();
backups.forEach(b => {
console.log(`${b.key} - ${b.size} bytes - ${b.modified}`);
});
return backups;
}
// Download backup
async function downloadBackup(key) {
const token = await adminPb.files.getToken();
const url = adminPb.backups.getDownloadURL(token, key);
// url can be used to download the backup file
return url;
}
// Restore from backup (CAUTION: overwrites current data!)
async function restoreBackup(key) {
await adminPb.backups.restore(key);
console.log('Restore initiated - server will restart');
}
// Delete old backups
async function cleanupOldBackups(keepCount = 7) {
const backups = await adminPb.backups.getFullList();
// Sort by date, keep newest
const sorted = backups.sort((a, b) =>
new Date(b.modified) - new Date(a.modified)
);
const toDelete = sorted.slice(keepCount);
for (const backup of toDelete) {
await adminPb.backups.delete(backup.key);
console.log('Deleted old backup:', backup.key);
}
}
```
**Automated backup script (cron job):**
```bash
#!/bin/bash
# backup.sh - Run daily via cron
POCKETBASE_URL="http://127.0.0.1:8090"
ADMIN_EMAIL="admin@example.com"
ADMIN_PASSWORD="your-secure-password"
BACKUP_DIR="/path/to/backups"
KEEP_DAYS=7
# Create timestamp
TIMESTAMP=$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)
# Create backup via API
curl -X POST "${POCKETBASE_URL}/api/backups" \
-H "Authorization: $(curl -s -X POST "${POCKETBASE_URL}/api/collections/_superusers/auth-with-password" \
-d "identity=${ADMIN_EMAIL}&password=${ADMIN_PASSWORD}" | jq -r '.token')" \
-d "name=backup_${TIMESTAMP}"
# Clean old local backups
find "${BACKUP_DIR}" -name "*.zip" -mtime +${KEEP_DAYS} -delete
echo "Backup completed: backup_${TIMESTAMP}"
```
**Configure S3 for backup storage:**
```javascript
// In Admin UI: Settings > Backups > S3
// Or via API:
await adminPb.settings.update({
backups: {
s3: {
enabled: true,
bucket: 'my-pocketbase-backups',
region: 'us-east-1',
endpoint: 's3.amazonaws.com',
accessKey: process.env.AWS_ACCESS_KEY,
secret: process.env.AWS_SECRET_KEY
}
}
});
```
**Backup best practices:**
| Aspect | Recommendation |
|--------|---------------|
| Frequency | Daily minimum, hourly for critical apps |
| Retention | 7-30 days of daily backups |
| Storage | Off-site (S3, separate server) |
| Testing | Monthly restore tests |
| Monitoring | Alert on backup failures |
**Pre-backup checklist:**
- [ ] S3 or external storage configured
- [ ] Automated schedule set up
- [ ] Retention policy defined
- [ ] Restore procedure documented
- [ ] Restore tested successfully
Reference: [PocketBase Backups](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/#backups)
## 2. Configure Production Settings Properly
**Impact: LOW-MEDIUM (Secure and optimized production environment)**
Production deployments require proper configuration of URLs, secrets, SMTP, and security settings.
**Incorrect (development defaults in production):**
```bash
# Running with defaults - insecure!
./pocketbase serve
# Hardcoded secrets
./pocketbase serve --encryptionEnv="mySecretKey123"
# Wrong origin for CORS
# Leaving http://localhost:8090 as allowed origin
```
**Correct (production configuration):**
```bash
# Production startup with essential flags
./pocketbase serve \
--http="0.0.0.0:8090" \
--origins="https://myapp.com,https://www.myapp.com" \
--encryptionEnv="PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY"
# Using environment variables
export PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY="your-32-char-encryption-key-here"
export SMTP_HOST="smtp.sendgrid.net"
export SMTP_PORT="587"
export SMTP_USER="apikey"
export SMTP_PASS="your-sendgrid-api-key"
./pocketbase serve --http="0.0.0.0:8090"
```
**Configure SMTP for emails:**
```javascript
// Via Admin UI or API
await adminPb.settings.update({
smtp: {
enabled: true,
host: process.env.SMTP_HOST,
port: parseInt(process.env.SMTP_PORT),
username: process.env.SMTP_USER,
password: process.env.SMTP_PASS,
tls: true
},
meta: {
appName: 'My App',
appURL: 'https://myapp.com',
senderName: 'My App',
senderAddress: 'noreply@myapp.com'
}
});
// Test email configuration
await adminPb.settings.testEmail('users', 'test@example.com', 'verification');
```
**Configure S3 for file storage:**
```javascript
// Move file storage to S3 for scalability
await adminPb.settings.update({
s3: {
enabled: true,
bucket: 'my-app-files',
region: 'us-east-1',
endpoint: 's3.amazonaws.com',
accessKey: process.env.AWS_ACCESS_KEY,
secret: process.env.AWS_SECRET_KEY,
forcePathStyle: false
}
});
// Test S3 connection
await adminPb.settings.testS3('storage');
```
**Systemd service file:**
```ini
# /etc/systemd/system/pocketbase.service
[Unit]
Description=PocketBase
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=simple
User=pocketbase
Group=pocketbase
LimitNOFILE=4096
Restart=always
RestartSec=5s
WorkingDirectory=/opt/pocketbase
ExecStart=/opt/pocketbase/pocketbase serve --http="127.0.0.1:8090"
# Environment variables
EnvironmentFile=/opt/pocketbase/.env
# Security hardening
NoNewPrivileges=yes
PrivateTmp=yes
ProtectSystem=strict
ProtectHome=yes
ReadWritePaths=/opt/pocketbase/pb_data
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
```
**Environment file (.env):**
```bash
# /opt/pocketbase/.env
# SECURITY: Set restrictive permissions: chmod 600 /opt/pocketbase/.env
# SECURITY: Add to .gitignore - NEVER commit this file to version control
# For production, consider a secrets manager (Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, etc.)
PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY= # Generate with: openssl rand -hex 16
# SMTP
SMTP_HOST=smtp.sendgrid.net
SMTP_PORT=587
SMTP_USER=apikey
SMTP_PASS= # Set your SMTP password here
# S3 (optional)
AWS_ACCESS_KEY= # Set your AWS access key
AWS_SECRET_KEY= # Set your AWS secret key
# OAuth (optional)
GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID= # Set your Google client ID
GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET= # Set your Google client secret
```
**Protect your environment file:**
```bash
# Set restrictive permissions (owner read/write only)
chmod 600 /opt/pocketbase/.env
chown pocketbase:pocketbase /opt/pocketbase/.env
# Ensure .env is in .gitignore
echo ".env" >> .gitignore
```
**Production checklist:**
- [ ] HTTPS enabled (via reverse proxy)
- [ ] Strong encryption key set
- [ ] CORS origins configured
- [ ] SMTP configured and tested
- [ ] Superuser password changed
- [ ] S3 configured (for scalability)
- [ ] Backup schedule configured
- [ ] Rate limiting enabled (via reverse proxy)
- [ ] Logging configured
Reference: [PocketBase Going to Production](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/)
## 3. Enable Rate Limiting for API Protection
**Impact: MEDIUM (Prevents abuse, brute-force attacks, and DoS)**
PocketBase v0.23+ includes built-in rate limiting. Enable it to protect against brute-force attacks, API abuse, and excessive resource consumption.
> **v0.36.7 behavioral change:** the built-in limiter switched from a sliding-window to a **fixed-window** strategy. This is cheaper and more predictable, but it means a client can send `2 * maxRequests` in quick succession if they straddle the window boundary. Size your limits with that worst case in mind, and put Nginx/Caddy rate limiting in front of PocketBase for defense in depth (see examples below).
**Incorrect (no rate limiting):**
```bash
# Running without rate limiting
./pocketbase serve
# Vulnerable to:
# - Brute-force password attacks
# - API abuse and scraping
# - DoS from excessive requests
# - Account enumeration attempts
```
**Correct (enable rate limiting):**
```bash
# Enable via command line flag
./pocketbase serve --rateLimiter=true
# Or configure specific limits (requests per second per IP)
./pocketbase serve --rateLimiter=true --rateLimiterRPS=10
```
**Configure via Admin Dashboard:**
Navigate to Settings > Rate Limiter:
- **Enable rate limiter**: Toggle on
- **Max requests/second**: Default 10, adjust based on needs
- **Exempt endpoints**: Optionally whitelist certain paths
**Configure programmatically (Go/JS hooks):**
```javascript
// In pb_hooks/rate_limit.pb.js
routerAdd("GET", "/api/public/*", (e) => {
// Custom rate limit for specific endpoints
}, $apis.rateLimit(100, "10s")); // 100 requests per 10 seconds
// Stricter limit for auth endpoints
routerAdd("POST", "/api/collections/users/auth-*", (e) => {
// Auth endpoints need stricter limits
}, $apis.rateLimit(5, "1m")); // 5 attempts per minute
```
**Rate limiting with reverse proxy (additional layer):**
```nginx
# Nginx rate limiting (defense in depth)
http {
# Define rate limit zones
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api:10m rate=10r/s;
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=auth:10m rate=1r/s;
server {
# General API rate limit
location /api/ {
limit_req zone=api burst=20 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
}
# Strict limit for auth endpoints
location /api/collections/users/auth {
limit_req zone=auth burst=5 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
}
# Stricter limit for superuser auth
location /api/collections/_superusers/auth {
limit_req zone=auth burst=3 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
}
}
}
```
```caddyfile
# Caddy with rate limiting plugin
myapp.com {
rate_limit {
zone api {
key {remote_host}
events 100
window 10s
}
zone auth {
key {remote_host}
events 5
window 1m
}
}
@auth path /api/collections/*/auth*
handle @auth {
rate_limit { zone auth }
reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:8090
}
handle {
rate_limit { zone api }
reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:8090
}
}
```
**Handle rate limit errors in client:**
```javascript
async function makeRequest(fn, retries = 0, maxRetries = 3) {
try {
return await fn();
} catch (error) {
if (error.status === 429 && retries < maxRetries) {
// Rate limited - wait and retry with limit
const retryAfter = error.response?.retryAfter || 60;
console.log(`Rate limited. Retry ${retries + 1}/${maxRetries} after ${retryAfter}s`);
// Show user-friendly message
showMessage('Too many requests. Please wait a moment.');
await sleep(retryAfter * 1000);
return makeRequest(fn, retries + 1, maxRetries);
}
throw error;
}
}
// Usage
const result = await makeRequest(() =>
pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20)
);
```
**Recommended limits by endpoint type:**
| Endpoint Type | Suggested Limit | Reason |
|--------------|-----------------|--------|
| Auth endpoints | 5-10/min | Prevent brute-force |
| Password reset | 3/hour | Prevent enumeration |
| Record creation | 30/min | Prevent spam |
| General API | 60-100/min | Normal usage |
| Public read | 100-200/min | Higher for reads |
| File uploads | 10/min | Resource-intensive |
**Monitoring rate limit hits:**
```javascript
// Check PocketBase logs for rate limit events
// Or set up alerting in your monitoring system
// Client-side tracking
pb.afterSend = function(response, data) {
if (response.status === 429) {
trackEvent('rate_limit_hit', {
endpoint: response.url,
timestamp: new Date()
});
}
return data;
};
```
Reference: [PocketBase Going to Production](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/)
## 4. Configure Reverse Proxy Correctly
**Impact: LOW-MEDIUM (HTTPS, caching, rate limiting, and security headers)**
Use a reverse proxy (Nginx, Caddy) for HTTPS termination, caching, rate limiting, and security headers.
**Incorrect (exposing PocketBase directly):**
```bash
# Direct exposure - no HTTPS, no rate limiting
./pocketbase serve --http="0.0.0.0:8090"
# Port forwarding without proxy
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 443 -j REDIRECT --to-port 8090
# Still no HTTPS!
```
**Correct (Caddy - simplest option):**
```caddyfile
# /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
myapp.com {
# Automatic HTTPS via Let's Encrypt
reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:8090 {
# Required for SSE/Realtime
flush_interval -1
}
# Security headers
header {
X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
X-Frame-Options "DENY"
Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload"
Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'"
Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin"
-Server
}
# Restrict admin UI to internal/VPN networks
# @admin path /_/*
# handle @admin {
# @blocked not remote_ip 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16
# respond @blocked 403
# reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:8090
# }
# Rate limiting (requires caddy-ratelimit plugin)
# Install: xcaddy build --with github.com/mholt/caddy-ratelimit
# Without this plugin, use PocketBase's built-in rate limiter (--rateLimiter=true)
# rate_limit {
# zone api {
# key {remote_host}
# events 100
# window 1m
# }
# }
}
```
**Correct (Nginx configuration):**
```nginx
# /etc/nginx/sites-available/pocketbase
# Rate limit zones must be defined in http context (e.g., /etc/nginx/nginx.conf)
# limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api:10m rate=10r/s;
upstream pocketbase {
server 127.0.0.1:8090;
keepalive 64;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name myapp.com;
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name myapp.com;
# SSL configuration
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/myapp.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/myapp.com/privkey.pem;
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;
# Security headers
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
add_header X-Frame-Options "DENY" always;
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;
add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'" always;
add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
# Note: X-XSS-Protection is deprecated and can introduce vulnerabilities.
# Use Content-Security-Policy instead.
location / {
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
# Headers
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
# SSE/Realtime support
proxy_set_header Connection '';
proxy_buffering off;
proxy_cache off;
chunked_transfer_encoding off;
# Timeouts
proxy_read_timeout 3600s;
proxy_send_timeout 3600s;
}
# Rate limit API endpoints
location /api/ {
limit_req zone=api burst=20 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header Connection '';
proxy_buffering off;
}
# Static file caching
location /api/files/ {
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
proxy_cache_valid 200 1d;
expires 1d;
add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
}
# Gzip compression
gzip on;
gzip_types text/plain application/json application/javascript text/css;
gzip_min_length 1000;
}
```
**Docker Compose with Caddy:**
```yaml
# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'
services:
pocketbase:
# NOTE: This is a third-party community image, not officially maintained by PocketBase.
# For production, consider building your own image from the official PocketBase binary.
# See: https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/
image: ghcr.io/muchobien/pocketbase:latest
restart: unless-stopped
volumes:
- ./pb_data:/pb_data
environment:
- PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY=${PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY}
caddy:
image: caddy:2-alpine
restart: unless-stopped
ports:
- "80:80"
- "443:443"
volumes:
- ./Caddyfile:/etc/caddy/Caddyfile
- caddy_data:/data
- caddy_config:/config
depends_on:
- pocketbase
volumes:
caddy_data:
caddy_config:
```
**Key configuration points:**
| Feature | Why It Matters |
|---------|---------------|
| HTTPS | Encrypts traffic, required for auth |
| SSE support | `proxy_buffering off` for realtime |
| Rate limiting | Prevents abuse |
| Security headers | XSS/clickjacking protection |
| Keepalive | Connection reuse, better performance |
Reference: [PocketBase Going to Production](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/)
## 5. Tune OS and Runtime for PocketBase Scale
**Impact: MEDIUM (Prevents file descriptor exhaustion, OOM kills, and exposes secure config for production deployments)**
Three low-effort OS/runtime knobs have outsized impact on production stability: open-file limits for realtime connections, Go memory limits for constrained hosts, and settings encryption for shared or externally-backed infrastructure. None of these are set automatically.
**Incorrect (default OS limits, no memory governor, plain-text settings):**
```bash
# Start without raising the file descriptor limit
/root/pb/pocketbase serve yourdomain.com
# → "Too many open files" once concurrent realtime connections exceed ~1024
# Start in a container that has a 512 MB RAM cap without GOMEMLIMIT
docker run -m 512m pocketbase serve ...
# → OOM kill during large file upload because Go GC doesn't respect cgroup limits
# Store SMTP password and S3 secret as plain JSON in pb_data/data.db
pocketbase serve # no --encryptionEnv
# → Anyone who obtains the database backup can read all credentials
```
**Correct:**
```bash
# 1. Raise the open-file limit before starting (Linux/macOS)
# Check current limit first:
ulimit -a | grep "open files"
# Temporarily raise to 4096 for the current session:
ulimit -n 4096
/root/pb/pocketbase serve yourdomain.com
# Or persist it via systemd (recommended for production):
# /lib/systemd/system/pocketbase.service
# [Service]
# LimitNOFILE = 4096
# ...
# 2. Cap Go's soft memory target on memory-constrained hosts
# (instructs the GC to be more aggressive before the kernel OOM-kills the process)
GOMEMLIMIT=512MiB /root/pb/pocketbase serve yourdomain.com
# 3. Encrypt application settings at rest
# Generate a random 32-character key once:
export PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY="z76NX9WWiB05UmQGxw367B6zM39T11fF"
# Start with the env-var name (not the value) as the flag argument:
pocketbase serve --encryptionEnv=PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY
```
**Docker deployment pattern (v0.36.8):**
```dockerfile
FROM alpine:latest
ARG PB_VERSION=0.36.8
RUN apk add --no-cache unzip ca-certificates
ADD https://github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/releases/download/v${PB_VERSION}/pocketbase_${PB_VERSION}_linux_amd64.zip /tmp/pb.zip
RUN unzip /tmp/pb.zip -d /pb/
# Uncomment to bundle pre-written migrations or hooks:
# COPY ./pb_migrations /pb/pb_migrations
# COPY ./pb_hooks /pb/pb_hooks
EXPOSE 8080
# Mount a volume at /pb/pb_data to persist data across container restarts
CMD ["/pb/pocketbase", "serve", "--http=0.0.0.0:8080"]
```
```yaml
# docker-compose.yml
services:
pocketbase:
build: .
ports:
- "8080:8080"
volumes:
- pb_data:/pb/pb_data
environment:
GOMEMLIMIT: "512MiB"
PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY: "${PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY}"
command: ["/pb/pocketbase", "serve", "--http=0.0.0.0:8080", "--encryptionEnv=PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY"]
volumes:
pb_data:
```
**Quick-reference checklist:**
| Concern | Fix |
|---------|-----|
| `Too many open files` errors | `ulimit -n 4096` (or `LimitNOFILE=4096` in systemd) |
| OOM kill on constrained host | `GOMEMLIMIT=512MiB` env var |
| Credentials visible in DB backup | `--encryptionEnv=YOUR_VAR` with a 32-char random key |
| Persistent data in Docker | Mount volume at `/pb/pb_data` |
Reference: [Going to production](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/)
## 6. Optimize SQLite for Production
**Impact: LOW-MEDIUM (Better performance and reliability for SQLite database)**
PocketBase uses SQLite with optimized defaults. Understanding its characteristics helps optimize performance and avoid common pitfalls. PocketBase uses two separate databases: `data.db` (application data) and `auxiliary.db` (logs and ephemeral data), which reduces write contention.
**Incorrect (ignoring SQLite characteristics):**
```javascript
// Heavy concurrent writes - SQLite bottleneck
async function bulkInsert(items) {
// Parallel writes cause lock contention
await Promise.all(items.map(item =>
pb.collection('items').create(item)
));
}
// Not using transactions for batch operations
async function updateMany(items) {
for (const item of items) {
await pb.collection('items').update(item.id, item);
}
// Each write is a separate transaction - slow!
}
// Large text fields without consideration
const schema = [{
name: 'content',
type: 'text' // Could be megabytes - affects all queries
}];
```
**Correct (SQLite-optimized patterns):**
```javascript
// Use batch operations for multiple writes
async function bulkInsert(items) {
const batch = pb.createBatch();
items.forEach(item => {
batch.collection('items').create(item);
});
await batch.send(); // Single transaction, much faster
}
// Batch updates
async function updateMany(items) {
const batch = pb.createBatch();
items.forEach(item => {
batch.collection('items').update(item.id, item);
});
await batch.send();
}
// For very large batches, chunk them
async function bulkInsertLarge(items, chunkSize = 100) {
for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i += chunkSize) {
const chunk = items.slice(i, i + chunkSize);
const batch = pb.createBatch();
chunk.forEach(item => batch.collection('items').create(item));
await batch.send();
}
}
```
**Schema considerations:**
```javascript
// Separate large content into dedicated collection
const postsSchema = [
{ name: 'title', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'summary', type: 'text', options: { maxLength: 500 } },
{ name: 'author', type: 'relation' }
// Content in separate collection
];
const postContentsSchema = [
{ name: 'post', type: 'relation', required: true },
{ name: 'content', type: 'editor' } // Large HTML content
];
// Fetch content only when needed
async function getPostList() {
return pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20); // Fast, no content
}
async function getPostWithContent(id) {
const post = await pb.collection('posts').getOne(id);
const content = await pb.collection('post_contents').getFirstListItem(
pb.filter('post = {:id}', { id })
);
return { ...post, content: content.content };
}
```
**PocketBase default PRAGMA settings:**
PocketBase already configures optimal SQLite settings. You do not need to set these manually unless using a custom SQLite driver:
```sql
PRAGMA busy_timeout = 10000; -- Wait 10s for locks instead of failing immediately
PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL; -- Write-Ahead Logging: concurrent reads during writes
PRAGMA journal_size_limit = 200000000; -- Limit WAL file to ~200MB
PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL; -- Balanced durability/performance (safe with WAL)
PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON; -- Enforce relation integrity
PRAGMA temp_store = MEMORY; -- Temp tables in memory (faster sorts/joins)
PRAGMA cache_size = -32000; -- 32MB page cache
```
WAL mode is the most impactful setting -- it allows multiple concurrent readers while a single writer is active, which is critical for PocketBase's concurrent API request handling.
**Index optimization:**
```sql
-- Create indexes for commonly filtered/sorted fields
CREATE INDEX idx_posts_author ON posts(author);
CREATE INDEX idx_posts_created ON posts(created DESC);
CREATE INDEX idx_posts_status_created ON posts(status, created DESC);
-- Verify indexes are being used
EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN
SELECT * FROM posts WHERE author = 'xxx' ORDER BY created DESC;
-- Should show: "USING INDEX idx_posts_author"
```
**SQLite limitations and workarounds:**
| Limitation | Workaround |
|------------|------------|
| Single writer | Use batch operations, queue writes |
| No full-text by default | Use view collections with FTS5 |
| File-based | SSD storage, avoid network mounts |
| Memory for large queries | Pagination, limit result sizes |
**Performance monitoring:**
```javascript
// Monitor slow queries via hooks (requires custom PocketBase build)
// Or use SQLite's built-in profiling
// From sqlite3 CLI:
// .timer on
// SELECT * FROM posts WHERE author = 'xxx';
// Run Time: real 0.003 user 0.002 sys 0.001
// Check database size
// ls -lh pb_data/data.db
// Vacuum to reclaim space after deletes
// sqlite3 pb_data/data.db "VACUUM;"
```
**When to consider alternatives:**
Consider migrating from single PocketBase if:
- Write throughput consistently > 1000/sec needed
- Database size > 100GB
- Complex transactions across tables
- Multi-region deployment required
**Custom SQLite driver (advanced):**
PocketBase supports custom SQLite drivers via `DBConnect`. The CGO driver (`mattn/go-sqlite3`) can offer better performance for some workloads and enables extensions like ICU and FTS5. This requires a custom PocketBase build:
```go
// main.go (custom PocketBase build with CGO driver)
package main
import (
"github.com/pocketbase/dbx"
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase"
_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3" // CGO SQLite driver
)
func main() {
app := pocketbase.NewWithConfig(pocketbase.Config{
// Called twice: once for data.db, once for auxiliary.db
DBConnect: func(dbPath string) (*dbx.DB, error) {
return dbx.Open("sqlite3", dbPath)
},
})
if err := app.Start(); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
}
// Build with: CGO_ENABLED=1 go build
```
Note: CGO requires C compiler toolchain and cannot be cross-compiled as easily as pure Go.
**Scaling options:**
1. **Read replicas**: Litestream for SQLite replication
2. **Sharding**: Multiple PocketBase instances by tenant/feature
3. **Caching**: Redis/Memcached for read-heavy loads
4. **Alternative backend**: If requirements exceed SQLite, evaluate PostgreSQL-based frameworks
Reference: [PocketBase Going to Production](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,989 @@
# Query Performance
**Impact: HIGH**
Pagination strategies, relation expansion, field selection, batch operations, and N+1 query prevention.
---
## 1. Use Back-Relations for Inverse Lookups
**Impact: HIGH (Fetch related records without separate queries)**
Back-relations allow you to expand records that reference the current record, enabling inverse lookups in a single request. Use the `collectionName_via_fieldName` syntax.
**Incorrect (manual inverse lookup):**
```javascript
// Fetching a user, then their posts separately
async function getUserWithPosts(userId) {
const user = await pb.collection('users').getOne(userId);
// Extra request for posts
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 100, {
filter: pb.filter('author = {:userId}', { userId })
});
return { ...user, posts: posts.items };
}
// 2 API calls
// Fetching a post, then its comments
async function getPostWithComments(postId) {
const post = await pb.collection('posts').getOne(postId);
const comments = await pb.collection('comments').getFullList({
filter: pb.filter('post = {:postId}', { postId }),
expand: 'author'
});
return { ...post, comments };
}
// 2 API calls
```
**Correct (using back-relation expand):**
```javascript
// Expand posts that reference this user
// posts collection has: author (relation to users)
async function getUserWithPosts(userId) {
const user = await pb.collection('users').getOne(userId, {
expand: 'posts_via_author' // collectionName_via_fieldName
});
console.log('User:', user.name);
console.log('Posts:', user.expand?.posts_via_author);
return user;
}
// 1 API call!
// Expand comments that reference this post
// comments collection has: post (relation to posts)
async function getPostWithComments(postId) {
const post = await pb.collection('posts').getOne(postId, {
expand: 'comments_via_post,comments_via_post.author'
});
const comments = post.expand?.comments_via_post || [];
comments.forEach(comment => {
console.log(`${comment.expand?.author?.name}: ${comment.content}`);
});
return post;
}
// 1 API call with nested expansion!
// Multiple back-relations
async function getUserWithAllContent(userId) {
const user = await pb.collection('users').getOne(userId, {
expand: 'posts_via_author,comments_via_author,likes_via_user'
});
return {
user,
posts: user.expand?.posts_via_author || [],
comments: user.expand?.comments_via_author || [],
likes: user.expand?.likes_via_user || []
};
}
```
**Back-relation syntax:**
```
{referencing_collection}_via_{relation_field}
Examples:
- posts_via_author -> posts where author = current record
- comments_via_post -> comments where post = current record
- order_items_via_order -> order_items where order = current record
- team_members_via_team -> team_members where team = current record
```
**Nested back-relations:**
```javascript
// Get user with posts and each post's comments
const user = await pb.collection('users').getOne(userId, {
expand: 'posts_via_author.comments_via_post'
});
// Access nested data
const posts = user.expand?.posts_via_author || [];
posts.forEach(post => {
console.log('Post:', post.title);
const comments = post.expand?.comments_via_post || [];
comments.forEach(c => console.log(' Comment:', c.content));
});
```
**Important considerations:**
```javascript
// Back-relations always return arrays, even if the relation field
// is marked as single (maxSelect: 1)
// Limited to 1000 records per back-relation
// For more, use separate paginated query
const user = await pb.collection('users').getOne(userId, {
expand: 'posts_via_author'
});
// If user has 1500 posts, only first 1000 are included
// For large datasets, use paginated approach
async function getUserPostsPaginated(userId, page = 1) {
return pb.collection('posts').getList(page, 50, {
filter: pb.filter('author = {:userId}', { userId }),
sort: '-created'
});
}
```
**Use in list queries:**
```javascript
// Get all users with their post counts
// (Use view collection for actual counts)
const users = await pb.collection('users').getList(1, 20, {
expand: 'posts_via_author'
});
users.items.forEach(user => {
const postCount = user.expand?.posts_via_author?.length || 0;
console.log(`${user.name}: ${postCount} posts`);
});
```
**When to use back-relations vs separate queries:**
| Scenario | Approach |
|----------|----------|
| < 1000 related records | Back-relation expand |
| Need pagination | Separate query with filter |
| Need sorting/filtering | Separate query |
| Just need count | View collection |
| Display in list | Back-relation (if small) |
Reference: [PocketBase Back-Relations](https://pocketbase.io/docs/working-with-relations/#back-relation-expand)
## 2. Use Batch Operations for Multiple Writes
**Impact: HIGH (Atomic transactions, 10x fewer API calls, consistent state)**
Batch operations combine multiple create/update/delete operations into a single atomic transaction. This ensures consistency and dramatically reduces API calls.
**Incorrect (individual requests):**
```javascript
// Creating multiple records individually
async function createOrderWithItems(order, items) {
// If any fails, partial data remains!
const createdOrder = await pb.collection('orders').create(order);
for (const item of items) {
await pb.collection('order_items').create({
...item,
order: createdOrder.id
});
}
// 1 + N API calls, not atomic
}
// Updating multiple records
async function updatePrices(products) {
for (const product of products) {
await pb.collection('products').update(product.id, {
price: product.newPrice
});
}
// N API calls, some might fail leaving inconsistent state
}
// Mixed operations
async function transferFunds(fromId, toId, amount) {
// NOT ATOMIC - can leave invalid state!
await pb.collection('accounts').update(fromId, { 'balance-': amount });
// If this fails, money disappears!
await pb.collection('accounts').update(toId, { 'balance+': amount });
}
```
**Correct (using batch operations):**
```javascript
// Atomic batch create
async function createOrderWithItems(order, items) {
const batch = pb.createBatch();
// Pre-generate order ID so items can reference it in the same batch
// PocketBase accepts custom IDs (15-char alphanumeric)
const orderId = crypto.randomUUID().replaceAll('-', '').slice(0, 15);
// Queue order creation with known ID
batch.collection('orders').create({ ...order, id: orderId });
// Queue all items referencing the pre-generated order ID
items.forEach(item => {
batch.collection('order_items').create({
...item,
order: orderId
});
});
// Execute atomically
const results = await batch.send();
// All succeed or all fail together
return {
order: results[0],
items: results.slice(1)
};
}
// Batch updates
async function updatePrices(products) {
const batch = pb.createBatch();
products.forEach(product => {
batch.collection('products').update(product.id, {
price: product.newPrice
});
});
const results = await batch.send();
// 1 API call, atomic
return results;
}
// Batch upsert (create or update)
async function syncProducts(products) {
const batch = pb.createBatch();
products.forEach(product => {
batch.collection('products').upsert({
id: product.sku, // Use SKU as ID for upsert matching
name: product.name,
price: product.price,
stock: product.stock
});
});
return batch.send();
}
// Mixed operations in transaction
// NOTE: Batch operations respect API rules per-operation, but ensure your
// business logic validates inputs (e.g., sufficient balance) server-side
// via hooks or API rules to prevent unauthorized transfers.
async function transferFunds(fromId, toId, amount) {
const batch = pb.createBatch();
batch.collection('accounts').update(fromId, { 'balance-': amount });
batch.collection('accounts').update(toId, { 'balance+': amount });
// Create audit record
batch.collection('transfers').create({
from: fromId,
to: toId,
amount,
timestamp: new Date()
});
// All three operations atomic
const [fromAccount, toAccount, transfer] = await batch.send();
return { fromAccount, toAccount, transfer };
}
// Batch delete
async function deletePostWithComments(postId) {
// First get comment IDs
const comments = await pb.collection('comments').getFullList({
filter: pb.filter('post = {:postId}', { postId }),
fields: 'id'
});
const batch = pb.createBatch();
// Queue all deletions
comments.forEach(comment => {
batch.collection('comments').delete(comment.id);
});
batch.collection('posts').delete(postId);
await batch.send();
// Post and all comments deleted atomically
}
```
**Batch operation limits:**
- **Must be enabled first** in Dashboard > Settings > Application (disabled by default; returns 403 otherwise)
- Operations execute in a single database transaction
- All succeed or all rollback
- Respects API rules for each operation
- Configurable limits: `maxRequests`, `timeout`, and `maxBodySize` (set in Dashboard)
- **Avoid large file uploads** in batches over slow networks -- they block the entire transaction
- Avoid custom hooks that call slow external APIs within batch operations
**When to use batch:**
| Scenario | Use Batch? |
|----------|-----------|
| Creating parent + children | Yes |
| Bulk import/update | Yes |
| Financial transactions | Yes |
| Single record operations | No |
| Independent operations | Optional |
Reference: [PocketBase Batch API](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-records/#batch-operations)
## 3. Expand Relations Efficiently
**Impact: HIGH (Eliminates N+1 queries, reduces API calls by 90%+)**
Use the `expand` parameter to fetch related records in a single request. This eliminates N+1 query problems and dramatically reduces API calls.
**Incorrect (N+1 queries):**
```javascript
// Fetching posts then authors separately - N+1 problem
async function getPostsWithAuthors() {
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20);
// N additional requests for N posts!
for (const post of posts.items) {
post.authorData = await pb.collection('users').getOne(post.author);
}
return posts;
}
// 21 API calls for 20 posts!
// Even worse with multiple relations
async function getPostsWithAll() {
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20);
for (const post of posts.items) {
post.author = await pb.collection('users').getOne(post.author);
post.category = await pb.collection('categories').getOne(post.category);
post.tags = await Promise.all(
post.tags.map(id => pb.collection('tags').getOne(id))
);
}
// 60+ API calls!
}
```
**Correct (using expand):**
```javascript
// Single request with expanded relations
async function getPostsWithAuthors() {
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
expand: 'author'
});
// Access expanded data
posts.items.forEach(post => {
console.log('Author:', post.expand?.author?.name);
});
return posts;
}
// 1 API call!
// Multiple relations
async function getPostsWithAll() {
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
expand: 'author,category,tags'
});
posts.items.forEach(post => {
console.log('Author:', post.expand?.author?.name);
console.log('Category:', post.expand?.category?.name);
console.log('Tags:', post.expand?.tags?.map(t => t.name));
});
}
// Still just 1 API call!
// Nested expansion (up to 6 levels)
async function getPostsWithNestedData() {
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
expand: 'author.profile,category.parent,comments_via_post.author'
});
posts.items.forEach(post => {
// Nested relations
console.log('Author profile:', post.expand?.author?.expand?.profile);
console.log('Parent category:', post.expand?.category?.expand?.parent);
// Back-relations (comments that reference this post)
console.log('Comments:', post.expand?.['comments_via_post']);
});
}
// Back-relation expansion
// If comments collection has a 'post' relation field pointing to posts
async function getPostWithComments(postId) {
const post = await pb.collection('posts').getOne(postId, {
expand: 'comments_via_post,comments_via_post.author'
});
// Access comments that reference this post
const comments = post.expand?.['comments_via_post'] || [];
comments.forEach(comment => {
console.log(`${comment.expand?.author?.name}: ${comment.text}`);
});
return post;
}
```
**Expand syntax:**
| Syntax | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| `expand: 'author'` | Single relation |
| `expand: 'author,tags'` | Multiple relations |
| `expand: 'author.profile'` | Nested relation (2 levels) |
| `expand: 'comments_via_post'` | Back-relation (records pointing to this) |
**Handling optional expand data:**
```javascript
// Always use optional chaining - expand may be undefined
const authorName = post.expand?.author?.name || 'Unknown';
// Type-safe access with TypeScript
interface Post {
id: string;
title: string;
author: string; // Relation ID
expand?: {
author?: User;
};
}
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList<Post>(1, 20, {
expand: 'author'
});
```
**Limitations:**
- Maximum 6 levels of nesting
- Respects API rules on expanded collections
- Large expansions may impact performance
Reference: [PocketBase Expand](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-records/#expand)
## 4. Select Only Required Fields
**Impact: MEDIUM (Reduces payload size, improves response time)**
Use the `fields` parameter to request only the data you need. This reduces bandwidth and can improve query performance, especially with large text or file fields.
**Incorrect (fetching everything):**
```javascript
// Fetching all fields when only a few are needed
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20);
// Returns: id, title, content (10KB), thumbnail, author, tags, created, updated...
// Only displaying titles in a list
posts.items.forEach(post => {
renderListItem(post.title); // Only using title!
});
// Wasted bandwidth on content, thumbnail URLs, etc.
// Fetching user data with large profile fields
const users = await pb.collection('users').getFullList();
// Includes: avatar (file), bio (text), settings (json)...
// When you only need names for a dropdown
```
**Correct (selecting specific fields):**
```javascript
// Select only needed fields
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
fields: 'id,title,created'
});
// Returns only: { id, title, created }
// For a dropdown/autocomplete
const users = await pb.collection('users').getFullList({
fields: 'id,name,avatar'
});
// Include expanded relation fields
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
expand: 'author',
fields: 'id,title,expand.author.name,expand.author.avatar'
});
// Returns: { id, title, expand: { author: { name, avatar } } }
// Wildcard for all direct fields, specific for expand
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
expand: 'author,category',
fields: '*,expand.author.name,expand.category.name'
});
// All post fields + only name from expanded relations
```
**Using excerpt modifier:**
```javascript
// Get truncated text content
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
fields: 'id,title,content:excerpt(200,true)'
});
// content is truncated to 200 chars with "..." appended
// Multiple excerpts
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
fields: 'id,title:excerpt(50),content:excerpt(150,true)'
});
// Excerpt syntax: field:excerpt(maxLength, withEllipsis?)
// - maxLength: maximum characters
// - withEllipsis: append "..." if truncated (default: false)
```
**Common field selection patterns:**
```javascript
// List view - minimal data
const listFields = 'id,title,thumbnail,author,created';
// Card view - slightly more
const cardFields = 'id,title,content:excerpt(200,true),thumbnail,author,created';
// Detail view - most fields
const detailFields = '*,expand.author.name,expand.author.avatar';
// Autocomplete - just id and display text
const autocompleteFields = 'id,name';
// Table export - specific columns
const exportFields = 'id,email,name,created,status';
// Usage
async function getPostsList() {
return pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
fields: listFields,
expand: 'author'
});
}
```
**Performance impact:**
| Field Type | Impact of Selecting |
|------------|-------------------|
| text/editor | High (can be large) |
| file | Medium (URLs generated) |
| json | Medium (can be large) |
| relation | Low (just IDs) |
| number/bool | Low |
**Note:** Field selection happens after data is fetched from database, so it primarily saves bandwidth, not database queries. For database-level optimization, ensure proper indexes.
Reference: [PocketBase Fields Parameter](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-records/#fields)
## 5. Use getFirstListItem for Single Record Lookups
**Impact: MEDIUM (Cleaner code, automatic error handling for not found)**
Use `getFirstListItem()` when you need to find a single record by a field value other than ID. It's cleaner than `getList()` with limit 1 and provides proper error handling.
**Incorrect (manual single-record lookup):**
```javascript
// Using getList with limit 1 - verbose
async function findUserByEmail(email) {
const result = await pb.collection('users').getList(1, 1, {
filter: pb.filter('email = {:email}', { email })
});
if (result.items.length === 0) {
throw new Error('User not found');
}
return result.items[0];
}
// Using getFullList then filtering - wasteful
async function findUserByUsername(username) {
const users = await pb.collection('users').getFullList({
filter: pb.filter('username = {:username}', { username })
});
return users[0]; // Might be undefined!
}
// Fetching by ID when you have a different identifier
async function findProductBySku(sku) {
// Wrong: getOne expects the record ID
const product = await pb.collection('products').getOne(sku); // Fails!
}
```
**Correct (using getFirstListItem):**
```javascript
// Clean single-record lookup by any field
async function findUserByEmail(email) {
try {
const user = await pb.collection('users').getFirstListItem(
pb.filter('email = {:email}', { email })
);
return user;
} catch (error) {
if (error.status === 404) {
return null; // Not found
}
throw error;
}
}
// Lookup by unique field
async function findProductBySku(sku) {
return pb.collection('products').getFirstListItem(
pb.filter('sku = {:sku}', { sku })
);
}
// Lookup with expand
async function findOrderByNumber(orderNumber) {
return pb.collection('orders').getFirstListItem(
pb.filter('orderNumber = {:num}', { num: orderNumber }),
{ expand: 'customer,items' }
);
}
// Complex filter conditions
async function findActiveSubscription(userId) {
return pb.collection('subscriptions').getFirstListItem(
pb.filter(
'user = {:userId} && status = "active" && expiresAt > @now',
{ userId }
)
);
}
// With field selection
async function getUserIdByEmail(email) {
const user = await pb.collection('users').getFirstListItem(
pb.filter('email = {:email}', { email }),
{ fields: 'id' }
);
return user.id;
}
```
**Comparison with getOne:**
```javascript
// getOne - fetch by record ID
const post = await pb.collection('posts').getOne('abc123');
// getFirstListItem - fetch by any filter (use pb.filter for safe binding)
const post = await pb.collection('posts').getFirstListItem(
pb.filter('slug = {:slug}', { slug: 'hello-world' })
);
const user = await pb.collection('users').getFirstListItem(
pb.filter('username = {:name}', { name: 'john' })
);
const order = await pb.collection('orders').getFirstListItem(
pb.filter('orderNumber = {:num}', { num: 12345 })
);
```
**Error handling:**
```javascript
// getFirstListItem throws 404 if no match found
try {
const user = await pb.collection('users').getFirstListItem(
pb.filter('email = {:email}', { email })
);
return user;
} catch (error) {
if (error.status === 404) {
// No matching record - handle appropriately
return null;
}
// Other error (network, auth, etc.)
throw error;
}
// Wrapper function for optional lookup
async function findFirst(collection, filter, options = {}) {
try {
return await pb.collection(collection).getFirstListItem(filter, options);
} catch (error) {
if (error.status === 404) return null;
throw error;
}
}
// Usage
const user = await findFirst('users', pb.filter('email = {:e}', { e: email }));
if (!user) {
console.log('User not found');
}
```
**When to use each method:**
| Method | Use When |
|--------|----------|
| `getOne(id)` | You have the record ID |
| `getFirstListItem(filter)` | Finding by unique field (email, slug, sku) |
| `getList(1, 1, { filter })` | Need pagination metadata |
| `getFullList({ filter })` | Expecting multiple results |
Reference: [PocketBase Records API](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-records/)
## 6. Prevent N+1 Query Problems
**Impact: HIGH (Reduces API calls from N+1 to 1-2, dramatically faster page loads)**
N+1 queries occur when you fetch a list of records, then make additional requests for each record's related data. This pattern causes severe performance issues at scale.
**Incorrect (N+1 patterns):**
```javascript
// Classic N+1: fetching related data in a loop
async function getPostsWithDetails() {
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20); // 1 query
for (const post of posts.items) {
// N additional queries!
post.author = await pb.collection('users').getOne(post.author);
post.category = await pb.collection('categories').getOne(post.category);
}
// Total: 1 + 20 + 20 = 41 queries for 20 posts
}
// N+1 with Promise.all (faster but still N+1)
async function getPostsParallel() {
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20);
await Promise.all(posts.items.map(async post => {
post.author = await pb.collection('users').getOne(post.author);
}));
// Still 21 API calls, just parallel
}
// Hidden N+1 in rendering
function PostList({ posts }) {
return posts.map(post => (
<PostCard
post={post}
author={useAuthor(post.author)} // Each triggers a fetch!
/>
));
}
```
**Correct (eliminate N+1):**
```javascript
// Solution 1: Use expand for relations
async function getPostsWithDetails() {
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
expand: 'author,category,tags'
});
// All data in one request
posts.items.forEach(post => {
console.log(post.expand?.author?.name);
console.log(post.expand?.category?.name);
});
// Total: 1 query
}
// Solution 2: Batch fetch related records
async function getPostsWithAuthorsBatch() {
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20);
// Collect unique author IDs
const authorIds = [...new Set(posts.items.map(p => p.author))];
// Single query for all authors (use pb.filter for safe binding)
const filter = authorIds.map(id => pb.filter('id = {:id}', { id })).join(' || ');
const authors = await pb.collection('users').getList(1, authorIds.length, {
filter
});
// Create lookup map
const authorMap = Object.fromEntries(
authors.items.map(a => [a.id, a])
);
// Attach to posts
posts.items.forEach(post => {
post.authorData = authorMap[post.author];
});
// Total: 2 queries regardless of post count
}
// Solution 3: Use view collection for complex joins
// Create a view that joins posts with authors:
// SELECT p.*, u.name as author_name, u.avatar as author_avatar
// FROM posts p LEFT JOIN users u ON p.author = u.id
async function getPostsFromView() {
const posts = await pb.collection('posts_with_authors').getList(1, 20);
// Single query, data already joined
}
// Solution 4: Back-relations with expand
async function getUserWithPosts(userId) {
const user = await pb.collection('users').getOne(userId, {
expand: 'posts_via_author' // All posts by this user
});
console.log('Posts by user:', user.expand?.posts_via_author);
// 1 query gets user + all their posts
}
```
**Detecting N+1 in your code:**
```javascript
// Add request logging to detect N+1
let requestCount = 0;
pb.beforeSend = (url, options) => {
requestCount++;
console.log(`Request #${requestCount}: ${options.method} ${url}`);
return { url, options };
};
// Monitor during development
async function loadPage() {
requestCount = 0;
await loadAllData();
console.log(`Total requests: ${requestCount}`);
// If this is >> number of records, you have N+1
}
```
**Prevention checklist:**
- [ ] Always use `expand` for displaying related data
- [ ] Never fetch related records in loops
- [ ] Batch fetch when expand isn't available
- [ ] Consider view collections for complex joins
- [ ] Monitor request counts during development
Reference: [PocketBase Expand](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-records/#expand)
## 7. Use Efficient Pagination Strategies
**Impact: HIGH (10-100x faster list queries on large collections)**
Pagination impacts performance significantly. Use `skipTotal` for large datasets, cursor-based pagination for infinite scroll, and appropriate page sizes.
**Incorrect (inefficient pagination):**
```javascript
// Fetching all records - memory and performance disaster
const allPosts = await pb.collection('posts').getFullList();
// Downloads entire table, crashes on large datasets
// Default pagination without skipTotal
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(100, 20);
// COUNT(*) runs on every request - slow on large tables
// Using offset for infinite scroll
async function loadMore(page) {
// As page increases, offset queries get slower
return pb.collection('posts').getList(page, 20);
// Page 1000: skips 19,980 rows before returning 20
}
```
**Correct (optimized pagination):**
```javascript
// Use skipTotal for better performance on large collections
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
skipTotal: true, // Skip COUNT(*) query
sort: '-created'
});
// Returns items without totalItems/totalPages (faster)
// Cursor-based pagination for infinite scroll
async function loadMorePosts(lastCreated = null) {
const filter = lastCreated
? pb.filter('created < {:cursor}', { cursor: lastCreated })
: '';
const result = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
filter,
sort: '-created',
skipTotal: true
});
// Next cursor is the last item's created date
const nextCursor = result.items.length > 0
? result.items[result.items.length - 1].created
: null;
return { items: result.items, nextCursor };
}
// Usage for infinite scroll
let cursor = null;
async function loadNextPage() {
const { items, nextCursor } = await loadMorePosts(cursor);
cursor = nextCursor;
appendToList(items);
}
// Batched fetching when you need all records
async function getAllPostsEfficiently() {
const allPosts = [];
let page = 1;
const perPage = 1000; // Larger batches = fewer requests (max 1000 per API limit)
while (true) {
const result = await pb.collection('posts').getList(page, perPage, {
skipTotal: true
});
allPosts.push(...result.items);
if (result.items.length < perPage) {
break; // No more records
}
page++;
}
return allPosts;
}
// Or use getFullList with batch option
const allPosts = await pb.collection('posts').getFullList({
batch: 1000, // Records per request (default 1000 since JS SDK v0.26.6; max 1000)
sort: '-created'
});
```
**Choose the right approach:**
| Use Case | Approach |
|----------|----------|
| Standard list with page numbers | `getList()` with page/perPage |
| Large dataset, no total needed | `getList()` with `skipTotal: true` |
| Infinite scroll | Cursor-based with `skipTotal: true` |
| Export all data | `getFullList()` with batch size |
| First N records only | `getList(1, N, { skipTotal: true })` |
**Performance tips:**
- Use `skipTotal: true` unless you need page count
- Keep `perPage` reasonable (20-100 for UI, up to 1000 for batch exports)
- Index fields used in sort and filter
- Cursor pagination scales better than offset
Reference: [PocketBase Records API](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-records/)

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# Realtime
**Impact: MEDIUM**
SSE subscriptions, event handling, connection management, and authentication with realtime.
---
## 1. Authenticate Realtime Connections
**Impact: MEDIUM (Secure subscriptions respecting API rules)**
Realtime subscriptions respect collection API rules. Ensure the connection is authenticated before subscribing to protected data.
**Incorrect (subscribing without auth context):**
```javascript
// Subscribing before authentication
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
// This will fail or return no data if collection requires auth
pb.collection('private_messages').subscribe('*', (e) => {
// Won't receive events - not authenticated!
console.log(e.record);
});
// Later user logs in, but subscription doesn't update
await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(email, password);
// Existing subscription still unauthenticated!
```
**Correct (authenticated subscriptions):**
```javascript
// Subscribe after authentication
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
async function initRealtime() {
// First authenticate
await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(email, password);
// Now subscribe - will use auth context
pb.collection('private_messages').subscribe('*', (e) => {
// Receives events for messages user can access
console.log('New message:', e.record);
});
}
// Re-subscribe after auth changes
function useAuthenticatedRealtime() {
const [messages, setMessages] = useState([]);
const unsubRef = useRef(null);
// Watch auth changes
useEffect(() => {
const removeListener = pb.authStore.onChange((token, record) => {
// Unsubscribe old connection
if (unsubRef.current) {
unsubRef.current();
unsubRef.current = null;
}
// Re-subscribe with new auth context if logged in
if (record) {
setupSubscription();
} else {
setMessages([]);
}
}, true);
return () => {
removeListener();
if (unsubRef.current) unsubRef.current();
};
}, []);
async function setupSubscription() {
unsubRef.current = await pb.collection('private_messages').subscribe('*', (e) => {
handleMessage(e);
});
}
}
// Handle auth token refresh with realtime
pb.realtime.subscribe('PB_CONNECT', async (e) => {
console.log('Realtime connected');
// Verify auth is still valid
if (pb.authStore.isValid) {
try {
await pb.collection('users').authRefresh();
} catch {
pb.authStore.clear();
// Redirect to login
}
}
});
```
**API rules apply to subscriptions:**
```javascript
// Collection rule: listRule: 'owner = @request.auth.id'
// User A subscribed
await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword('a@test.com', 'password');
pb.collection('notes').subscribe('*', handler);
// Only receives events for notes where owner = User A
// Events from other users' notes are filtered out automatically
```
**Subscription authorization flow:**
1. SSE connection established (no auth check)
2. First subscription triggers authorization
3. Auth token from `pb.authStore` is used
4. Collection rules evaluated for each event
5. Only matching events sent to client
**Handling auth expiration:**
```javascript
// Setup disconnect handler
pb.realtime.onDisconnect = (subscriptions) => {
console.log('Disconnected, had subscriptions:', subscriptions);
// Check if auth expired
if (!pb.authStore.isValid) {
// Token expired - need to re-authenticate
redirectToLogin();
return;
}
// Connection issue - realtime will auto-reconnect
// Re-subscribe after reconnection
pb.realtime.subscribe('PB_CONNECT', () => {
resubscribeAll(subscriptions);
});
};
function resubscribeAll(subscriptions) {
subscriptions.forEach(sub => {
const [collection, topic] = sub.split('/');
pb.collection(collection).subscribe(topic, handlers[sub]);
});
}
```
Reference: [PocketBase Realtime Auth](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-realtime/)
## 2. Handle Realtime Events Properly
**Impact: MEDIUM (Consistent UI state, proper optimistic updates)**
Realtime events should update local state correctly, handle edge cases, and maintain UI consistency.
**Incorrect (naive event handling):**
```javascript
// Blindly appending creates - may add duplicates
pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
if (e.action === 'create') {
posts.push(e.record); // Might already exist from optimistic update!
}
});
// Not handling own actions
pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
// User creates post -> optimistic update
// Realtime event arrives -> duplicate!
setPosts(prev => [...prev, e.record]);
});
// Missing action types
pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
if (e.action === 'create') handleCreate(e);
// Ignoring update and delete!
});
```
**Correct (robust event handling):**
```javascript
// Handle all action types with deduplication
function useRealtimePosts() {
const [posts, setPosts] = useState([]);
const pendingCreates = useRef(new Set());
useEffect(() => {
loadPosts();
const unsub = pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
switch (e.action) {
case 'create':
// Skip if we created it (optimistic update already applied)
if (pendingCreates.current.has(e.record.id)) {
pendingCreates.current.delete(e.record.id);
return;
}
setPosts(prev => {
// Deduplicate - might already exist
if (prev.some(p => p.id === e.record.id)) return prev;
return [e.record, ...prev];
});
break;
case 'update':
setPosts(prev => prev.map(p =>
p.id === e.record.id ? e.record : p
));
break;
case 'delete':
setPosts(prev => prev.filter(p => p.id !== e.record.id));
break;
}
});
return unsub;
}, []);
async function createPost(data) {
// Optimistic update
const tempId = `temp_${Date.now()}`;
const optimisticPost = { ...data, id: tempId };
setPosts(prev => [optimisticPost, ...prev]);
try {
const created = await pb.collection('posts').create(data);
// Mark as pending so realtime event is ignored
pendingCreates.current.add(created.id);
// Replace optimistic with real
setPosts(prev => prev.map(p =>
p.id === tempId ? created : p
));
return created;
} catch (error) {
// Rollback optimistic update
setPosts(prev => prev.filter(p => p.id !== tempId));
throw error;
}
}
return { posts, createPost };
}
// Batched updates for high-frequency changes
function useRealtimeWithBatching() {
const [posts, setPosts] = useState([]);
const pendingUpdates = useRef([]);
const flushTimeout = useRef(null);
useEffect(() => {
const unsub = pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
pendingUpdates.current.push(e);
// Batch updates every 100ms
if (!flushTimeout.current) {
flushTimeout.current = setTimeout(() => {
flushUpdates();
flushTimeout.current = null;
}, 100);
}
});
return () => {
unsub();
if (flushTimeout.current) clearTimeout(flushTimeout.current);
};
}, []);
function flushUpdates() {
const updates = pendingUpdates.current;
pendingUpdates.current = [];
setPosts(prev => {
let next = [...prev];
for (const e of updates) {
if (e.action === 'create') {
if (!next.some(p => p.id === e.record.id)) {
next.unshift(e.record);
}
} else if (e.action === 'update') {
next = next.map(p => p.id === e.record.id ? e.record : p);
} else if (e.action === 'delete') {
next = next.filter(p => p.id !== e.record.id);
}
}
return next;
});
}
}
```
**Filtering events:**
```javascript
// Only handle events matching certain criteria
pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
// Only published posts
if (e.record.status !== 'published') return;
// Only posts by current user
if (e.record.author !== pb.authStore.record?.id) return;
handleEvent(e);
});
// Subscribe with expand to get related data
pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
// Note: expand data is included in realtime events
// if the subscription options include expand
console.log(e.record.expand?.author?.name);
}, { expand: 'author' });
```
Reference: [PocketBase Realtime Events](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-realtime/)
## 3. Handle Realtime Connection Issues
**Impact: MEDIUM (Reliable realtime even with network interruptions)**
Realtime connections can disconnect due to network issues or server restarts. Implement proper reconnection handling and state synchronization.
**Incorrect (ignoring connection issues):**
```javascript
// No reconnection handling - stale data after disconnect
pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
updateUI(e.record);
});
// If connection drops, UI shows stale data indefinitely
// Assuming connection is always stable
function PostList() {
useEffect(() => {
pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', handleChange);
}, []);
// No awareness of connection state
}
```
**Correct (robust connection handling):**
```javascript
// Monitor connection state
function useRealtimeConnection() {
const [connected, setConnected] = useState(false);
const [lastSync, setLastSync] = useState(null);
useEffect(() => {
// Track connection state
const unsubConnect = pb.realtime.subscribe('PB_CONNECT', (e) => {
console.log('Connected, client ID:', e.clientId);
setConnected(true);
// Re-sync data after reconnection
if (lastSync) {
syncMissedUpdates(lastSync);
}
setLastSync(new Date());
});
// Handle disconnection
pb.realtime.onDisconnect = (activeSubscriptions) => {
console.log('Disconnected');
setConnected(false);
showOfflineIndicator();
};
return () => {
unsubConnect();
};
}, [lastSync]);
return { connected };
}
// Sync missed updates after reconnection
async function syncMissedUpdates(since) {
// Fetch records modified since last sync
const updatedPosts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 100, {
filter: pb.filter('updated > {:since}', { since }),
sort: '-updated'
});
// Merge with local state
updateLocalState(updatedPosts.items);
}
// Full implementation with resilience
class RealtimeManager {
constructor(pb) {
this.pb = pb;
this.subscriptions = new Map();
this.lastSyncTimes = new Map();
this.reconnectAttempts = 0;
this.maxReconnectDelay = 30000;
this.setupConnectionHandlers();
}
setupConnectionHandlers() {
this.pb.realtime.subscribe('PB_CONNECT', () => {
console.log('Realtime connected');
this.reconnectAttempts = 0;
this.onReconnect();
});
this.pb.realtime.onDisconnect = (subs) => {
console.log('Realtime disconnected');
this.scheduleReconnect();
};
}
scheduleReconnect() {
// Exponential backoff with jitter
const delay = Math.min(
1000 * Math.pow(2, this.reconnectAttempts) + Math.random() * 1000,
this.maxReconnectDelay
);
this.reconnectAttempts++;
setTimeout(() => {
if (!this.pb.realtime.isConnected) {
this.resubscribeAll();
}
}, delay);
}
async onReconnect() {
// Sync data for each tracked collection
for (const [collection, lastSync] of this.lastSyncTimes) {
await this.syncCollection(collection, lastSync);
}
}
async syncCollection(collection, since) {
try {
const updates = await this.pb.collection(collection).getList(1, 1000, {
filter: this.pb.filter('updated > {:since}', { since }),
sort: 'updated'
});
// Notify subscribers of missed updates
const handler = this.subscriptions.get(collection);
if (handler) {
updates.items.forEach(record => {
handler({ action: 'update', record });
});
}
this.lastSyncTimes.set(collection, new Date());
} catch (error) {
console.error(`Failed to sync ${collection}:`, error);
}
}
async subscribe(collection, handler) {
this.subscriptions.set(collection, handler);
this.lastSyncTimes.set(collection, new Date());
return this.pb.collection(collection).subscribe('*', (e) => {
this.lastSyncTimes.set(collection, new Date());
handler(e);
});
}
async resubscribeAll() {
// Refresh auth token before resubscribing to ensure valid credentials
if (this.pb.authStore.isValid) {
try {
await this.pb.collection('users').authRefresh();
} catch {
this.pb.authStore.clear();
}
}
for (const [collection, handler] of this.subscriptions) {
this.pb.collection(collection).subscribe('*', handler);
}
}
}
// Usage
const realtime = new RealtimeManager(pb);
await realtime.subscribe('posts', handlePostChange);
```
**Connection timeout handling:**
```javascript
// Server sends disconnect after 5 min of no messages
// SDK auto-reconnects, but you can handle it explicitly
let lastHeartbeat = Date.now();
pb.realtime.subscribe('PB_CONNECT', () => {
lastHeartbeat = Date.now();
});
// Check for stale connection
setInterval(() => {
if (Date.now() - lastHeartbeat > 6 * 60 * 1000) {
console.log('Connection may be stale, refreshing...');
pb.realtime.unsubscribe();
resubscribeAll();
}
}, 60000);
```
Reference: [PocketBase Realtime](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-realtime/)
## 4. Implement Realtime Subscriptions Correctly
**Impact: MEDIUM (Live updates without polling, reduced server load)**
PocketBase uses Server-Sent Events (SSE) for realtime updates. Proper subscription management prevents memory leaks and ensures reliable event delivery.
**Incorrect (memory leaks and poor management):**
```javascript
// Missing unsubscribe - memory leak!
function PostList() {
useEffect(() => {
pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
updatePosts(e);
});
// No cleanup - subscription persists forever!
}, []);
}
// Subscribing multiple times
function loadPosts() {
// Called on every render - creates duplicate subscriptions!
pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', handleChange);
}
// Not handling reconnection
pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
// Assumes connection is always stable
updateUI(e);
});
```
**Correct (proper subscription management):**
```javascript
// React example with cleanup
function PostList() {
const [posts, setPosts] = useState([]);
useEffect(() => {
// Initial load
loadPosts();
// Subscribe to changes
const unsubscribe = pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
if (e.action === 'create') {
setPosts(prev => [e.record, ...prev]);
} else if (e.action === 'update') {
setPosts(prev => prev.map(p =>
p.id === e.record.id ? e.record : p
));
} else if (e.action === 'delete') {
setPosts(prev => prev.filter(p => p.id !== e.record.id));
}
});
// Cleanup on unmount
return () => {
unsubscribe();
};
}, []);
async function loadPosts() {
const result = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 50);
setPosts(result.items);
}
return <PostListUI posts={posts} />;
}
// Subscribe to specific record
async function watchPost(postId) {
return pb.collection('posts').subscribe(postId, (e) => {
console.log('Post changed:', e.action, e.record);
});
}
// Subscribe to collection changes
async function watchAllPosts() {
return pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (e) => {
console.log(`Post ${e.action}:`, e.record.title);
});
}
// Handle connection events
pb.realtime.subscribe('PB_CONNECT', (e) => {
console.log('Realtime connected, client ID:', e.clientId);
// Re-sync data after reconnection
refreshData();
});
// Vanilla JS with proper cleanup
class PostManager {
unsubscribes = [];
async init() {
this.unsubscribes.push(
await pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', this.handlePostChange)
);
this.unsubscribes.push(
await pb.collection('comments').subscribe('*', this.handleCommentChange)
);
}
destroy() {
this.unsubscribes.forEach(unsub => unsub());
this.unsubscribes = [];
}
handlePostChange = (e) => { /* ... */ };
handleCommentChange = (e) => { /* ... */ };
}
```
**Subscription event structure:**
```javascript
pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', (event) => {
event.action; // 'create' | 'update' | 'delete'
event.record; // The affected record
});
// Full event type
interface RealtimeEvent {
action: 'create' | 'update' | 'delete';
record: RecordModel;
}
```
**Unsubscribe patterns:**
```javascript
// Unsubscribe from specific callback
const unsub = await pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', callback);
unsub(); // Remove this specific subscription
// Unsubscribe from all subscriptions on a topic
pb.collection('posts').unsubscribe('*'); // All collection subs
pb.collection('posts').unsubscribe('RECORD_ID'); // Specific record
// Unsubscribe from all collection subscriptions
pb.collection('posts').unsubscribe();
// Unsubscribe from everything
pb.realtime.unsubscribe();
```
**Performance considerations:**
```javascript
// Prefer specific record subscriptions over collection-wide when possible.
// subscribe('*') checks ListRule for every connected client on each change.
// subscribe(recordId) checks ViewRule -- fewer records to evaluate.
// For high-traffic collections, subscribe to specific records:
await pb.collection('orders').subscribe(orderId, handleOrderUpdate);
// Instead of: pb.collection('orders').subscribe('*', handleAllOrders);
// Use subscription options to reduce payload size (SDK v0.21+):
await pb.collection('posts').subscribe('*', handleChange, {
fields: 'id,title,updated', // Only receive specific fields
expand: 'author', // Include expanded relations
filter: 'status = "published"' // Only receive matching records
});
```
**Subscription scope guidelines:**
| Scenario | Recommended Scope |
|----------|-------------------|
| Watching a specific document | `subscribe(recordId)` |
| Chat room messages | `subscribe('*')` with filter for room |
| User notifications | `subscribe('*')` with filter for user |
| Admin dashboard | `subscribe('*')` (need to see all) |
| High-frequency data (IoT) | `subscribe(recordId)` per device |
Reference: [PocketBase Realtime](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-realtime/)

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# Section Definitions
This file defines the rule categories for PocketBase best practices. Rules are automatically assigned to sections based on their filename prefix.
---
## 1. Collection Design (coll)
**Impact:** CRITICAL
**Description:** Schema design, field types, relations, indexes, and collection type selection. Foundation for application architecture and long-term maintainability.
## 2. API Rules & Security (rules)
**Impact:** CRITICAL
**Description:** Access control rules, filter expressions, request context usage, and security patterns. Critical for protecting data and enforcing authorization.
## 3. Authentication (auth)
**Impact:** CRITICAL
**Description:** Password authentication, OAuth2 integration, token management, MFA setup, and auth collection configuration.
## 4. SDK Usage (sdk)
**Impact:** HIGH
**Description:** JavaScript SDK initialization, auth store patterns, error handling, request cancellation, and safe parameter binding.
## 5. Query Performance (query)
**Impact:** HIGH
**Description:** Pagination strategies, relation expansion, field selection, batch operations, and N+1 query prevention.
## 6. Realtime (realtime)
**Impact:** MEDIUM
**Description:** SSE subscriptions, event handling, connection management, and authentication with realtime.
## 7. File Handling (file)
**Impact:** MEDIUM
**Description:** File uploads, URL generation, thumbnail creation, and validation patterns.
## 8. Production & Deployment (deploy)
**Impact:** LOW-MEDIUM
**Description:** Backup strategies, configuration management, reverse proxy setup, and SQLite optimization.
## 9. Server-Side Extending (ext)
**Impact:** HIGH
**Description:** Extending PocketBase with Go or embedded JavaScript (JSVM) - event hooks, custom routes, transactions, cron jobs, filesystem, migrations, and safe server-side filter binding.

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---
title: Clear, Action-Oriented Title (e.g., "Use Cursor-Based Pagination for Large Lists")
impact: MEDIUM
impactDescription: Brief description of performance/security impact
tags: relevant, comma-separated, tags
---
## [Rule Title]
[1-2 sentence explanation of the problem and why it matters. Focus on impact.]
**Incorrect (describe the problem):**
```javascript
// Comment explaining what makes this problematic
const result = await pb.collection('posts').getList();
// Problem explanation
```
**Correct (describe the solution):**
```javascript
// Comment explaining why this is better
const result = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
filter: 'published = true',
sort: '-created'
});
// Benefit explanation
```
[Optional: Additional context, edge cases, or trade-offs]
Reference: [PocketBase Docs](https://pocketbase.io/docs/)

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---
title: Use Impersonation for Admin Operations
impact: MEDIUM
impactDescription: Safe admin access to user data without password sharing
tags: authentication, admin, impersonation, superuser
---
## Use Impersonation for Admin Operations
Impersonation allows superusers to generate tokens for other users, enabling admin support tasks and API key functionality without sharing passwords.
**Incorrect (sharing credentials or bypassing auth):**
```javascript
// Bad: sharing user passwords for support
async function helpUser(userId, userPassword) {
await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(userEmail, userPassword);
// Support team knows user's password!
}
// Bad: directly modifying records without proper context
async function fixUserData(userId) {
// Bypasses user's perspective and rules
await pb.collection('posts').update(postId, { fixed: true });
}
```
**Correct (using impersonation):**
```javascript
import PocketBase from 'pocketbase';
// Admin client with superuser auth (use environment variables, never hardcode)
const adminPb = new PocketBase(process.env.PB_URL);
await adminPb.collection('_superusers').authWithPassword(
process.env.PB_SUPERUSER_EMAIL,
process.env.PB_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD
);
async function impersonateUser(userId) {
// Generate impersonation token (non-renewable)
const impersonatedClient = await adminPb
.collection('users')
.impersonate(userId, 3600); // 1 hour duration
// impersonatedClient has user's auth context
console.log('Acting as:', impersonatedClient.authStore.record.email);
// Operations use user's permissions
const userPosts = await impersonatedClient.collection('posts').getList();
return impersonatedClient;
}
// Use case: Admin viewing user's data
async function adminViewUserPosts(userId) {
const userClient = await impersonateUser(userId);
// See exactly what the user sees (respects API rules)
const posts = await userClient.collection('posts').getList();
return posts;
}
// Use case: API keys for server-to-server communication
async function createApiKey(serviceUserId) {
// Create a service impersonation token (use short durations, rotate regularly)
const serviceClient = await adminPb
.collection('service_accounts')
.impersonate(serviceUserId, 86400); // 24 hours max, rotate via scheduled task
// Return token for service to use
return serviceClient.authStore.token;
}
// Using API key token in another service
async function useApiKey(apiToken) {
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
// Manually set the token
pb.authStore.save(apiToken, null);
// Now requests use the service account's permissions
const data = await pb.collection('data').getList();
return data;
}
```
**Important considerations:**
```javascript
// Impersonation tokens are non-renewable
const client = await adminPb.collection('users').impersonate(userId, 3600);
// This will fail - can't refresh impersonation tokens
try {
await client.collection('users').authRefresh();
} catch (error) {
// Expected: impersonation tokens can't be refreshed
}
// For continuous access, generate new token when needed
async function getImpersonatedClient(userId) {
// Check if existing token is still valid
if (cachedClient?.authStore.isValid) {
return cachedClient;
}
// Generate fresh token
return await adminPb.collection('users').impersonate(userId, 3600);
}
```
**Security best practices:**
- Use short durations for support tasks
- Log all impersonation events
- Restrict impersonation to specific admin roles
- Never expose impersonation capability in client code
- Use dedicated service accounts for API keys
Reference: [PocketBase Impersonation](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/#impersonate-authentication)

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---
title: Implement Multi-Factor Authentication
impact: HIGH
impactDescription: Additional security layer for sensitive applications
tags: authentication, mfa, security, 2fa, otp
---
## Implement Multi-Factor Authentication
MFA requires users to authenticate with two different methods. PocketBase supports OTP (One-Time Password) via email as the second factor.
**Incorrect (single-factor only for sensitive apps):**
```javascript
// Insufficient for sensitive applications
async function login(email, password) {
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(email, password);
// User immediately has full access - no second factor
return authData;
}
```
**Correct (MFA flow with OTP):**
```javascript
import PocketBase from 'pocketbase';
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
async function loginWithMFA(email, password) {
try {
// First factor: password
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(email, password);
// If MFA not required, auth succeeds immediately
return { success: true, authData };
} catch (error) {
// MFA required - returns 401 with mfaId
if (error.status === 401 && error.response?.mfaId) {
return {
success: false,
mfaRequired: true,
mfaId: error.response.mfaId
};
}
throw error;
}
}
async function requestOTP(email) {
// Request OTP to be sent via email
const result = await pb.collection('users').requestOTP(email);
// Returns otpId - needed to verify the OTP
// Note: Returns otpId even if email doesn't exist (prevents enumeration)
return result.otpId;
}
async function completeMFAWithOTP(mfaId, otpId, otpCode) {
try {
// Second factor: OTP verification
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithOTP(
otpId,
otpCode,
{ mfaId } // Include mfaId from first factor
);
return { success: true, authData };
} catch (error) {
if (error.status === 400) {
throw new Error('Invalid or expired code');
}
throw error;
}
}
// Complete flow example
async function fullMFAFlow(email, password, otpCode = null) {
// Step 1: Password authentication
const step1 = await loginWithMFA(email, password);
if (step1.success) {
return step1.authData; // MFA not required
}
if (step1.mfaRequired) {
// Step 2: Request OTP
const otpId = await requestOTP(email);
// Step 3: UI prompts user for OTP code...
// (In real app, wait for user input)
if (otpCode) {
// Step 4: Complete MFA
const step2 = await completeMFAWithOTP(step1.mfaId, otpId, otpCode);
return step2.authData;
}
return { pendingMFA: true, mfaId: step1.mfaId, otpId };
}
}
```
**Configure MFA (Admin UI or API):**
```javascript
// Enable MFA on auth collection (superuser only)
await pb.collections.update('users', {
mfa: {
enabled: true,
duration: 1800, // MFA session duration (30 min)
rule: '' // When to require MFA (empty = always for all users)
// rule: '@request.auth.role = "admin"' // Only for admins
},
otp: {
enabled: true,
duration: 300, // OTP validity (5 min)
length: 6, // OTP code length
emailTemplate: {
subject: 'Your verification code',
body: 'Your code is: {OTP}'
}
}
});
```
**MFA best practices:**
- Always enable for admin accounts
- Consider making MFA optional for regular users
- Use short OTP durations (5-10 minutes)
- Implement rate limiting on OTP requests
- Log MFA events for security auditing
Reference: [PocketBase MFA](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/#mfa)

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@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
---
title: Integrate OAuth2 Providers Correctly
impact: CRITICAL
impactDescription: Secure third-party authentication with proper flow handling
tags: authentication, oauth2, google, github, social-login
---
## Integrate OAuth2 Providers Correctly
OAuth2 integration should use the all-in-one method for simplicity and security. Manual code exchange should only be used when necessary (e.g., mobile apps with deep links).
**Incorrect (manual implementation without SDK):**
```javascript
// Don't manually handle OAuth flow
async function loginWithGoogle() {
// Redirect user to Google manually
window.location.href = 'https://accounts.google.com/oauth/authorize?...';
}
// Manual callback handling
async function handleCallback(code) {
// Exchange code manually - error prone!
const response = await fetch('/api/auth/callback', {
method: 'POST',
body: JSON.stringify({ code })
});
}
```
**Correct (using SDK's all-in-one method):**
```javascript
import PocketBase from 'pocketbase';
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
// All-in-one OAuth2 (recommended for web apps)
async function loginWithOAuth2(providerName) {
try {
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithOAuth2({
provider: providerName, // 'google', 'github', 'microsoft', etc.
// Optional: create new user data if not exists
createData: {
emailVisibility: true,
name: '' // Will be populated from OAuth provider
}
});
console.log('Logged in via', providerName);
console.log('User:', authData.record.email);
console.log('Is new user:', authData.meta?.isNew);
return authData;
} catch (error) {
if (error.isAbort) {
console.log('OAuth popup was closed');
return null;
}
throw error;
}
}
// Usage
document.getElementById('google-btn').onclick = () => loginWithOAuth2('google');
document.getElementById('github-btn').onclick = () => loginWithOAuth2('github');
```
**Manual code exchange (for React Native / deep links):**
```javascript
// Only use when all-in-one isn't possible
async function loginWithOAuth2Manual() {
// Get auth methods - PocketBase provides state and codeVerifier
const authMethods = await pb.collection('users').listAuthMethods();
const provider = authMethods.oauth2.providers.find(p => p.name === 'google');
// Store the provider's state and codeVerifier for callback verification
// PocketBase generates these for you - don't create your own
sessionStorage.setItem('oauth_state', provider.state);
sessionStorage.setItem('oauth_code_verifier', provider.codeVerifier);
// Build the OAuth URL using provider.authURL + redirect
const redirectUrl = window.location.origin + '/oauth-callback';
const authUrl = provider.authURL + encodeURIComponent(redirectUrl);
// Redirect to OAuth provider
window.location.href = authUrl;
}
// In your callback handler (e.g., /oauth-callback page):
async function handleOAuth2Callback() {
const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
// CSRF protection: verify state matches
if (params.get('state') !== sessionStorage.getItem('oauth_state')) {
throw new Error('State mismatch - potential CSRF attack');
}
const code = params.get('code');
const codeVerifier = sessionStorage.getItem('oauth_code_verifier');
const redirectUrl = window.location.origin + '/oauth-callback';
// Exchange code for auth token
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithOAuth2Code(
'google',
code,
codeVerifier,
redirectUrl,
{ emailVisibility: true }
);
// Clean up
sessionStorage.removeItem('oauth_state');
sessionStorage.removeItem('oauth_code_verifier');
return authData;
}
```
**Configure OAuth2 provider (Admin UI or API):**
```javascript
// Via API (superuser only) - usually done in Admin UI
// IMPORTANT: Never hardcode client secrets. Use environment variables.
await pb.collections.update('users', {
oauth2: {
enabled: true,
providers: [{
name: 'google',
clientId: process.env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID,
clientSecret: process.env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET
}],
mappedFields: {
avatarURL: 'avatar' // Map OAuth field to collection field
}
}
});
```
Reference: [PocketBase OAuth2](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/#oauth2-authentication)

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@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
---
title: Use authWithOTP for Email One-Time Codes, Rate-Limit requestOTP
impact: HIGH
impactDescription: OTP endpoints are unauthenticated; unthrottled requestOTP enables email bombing and enumeration
tags: auth, otp, one-time-password, rate-limiting, enumeration
---
## Use authWithOTP for Email One-Time Codes, Rate-Limit requestOTP
Auth collections can enable **OTP login** from the admin UI (Collection → Options → "Enable OTP"). The client flow is two steps: `requestOTP(email)` returns an `otpId`, then `authWithOTP(otpId, code)` exchanges the id + code for an auth token. Two things trip people up: (1) the OTP response is **the same whether the email exists or not** - do not break that by leaking a distinct error; (2) `requestOTP` sends an email, so **it must be rate-limited** or an attacker can use it to spam any address.
**Incorrect (leaks existence, custom requestOTP with no rate limit):**
```javascript
// ❌ Client-side existence check - ignore the 404 and expose it to the user
try {
await pb.collection("users").getFirstListItem(`email="${email}"`);
} catch (e) {
alert("No account with that email"); // ❌ account enumeration
return;
}
// ❌ Ad-hoc route with no rate limit - attacker hammers this to spam mailboxes
routerAdd("POST", "/api/myapp/otp", (e) => {
const body = e.requestInfo().body;
const user = $app.findAuthRecordByEmail("users", body.email);
// send custom email...
return e.json(200, { ok: true });
});
```
**Correct (use the built-in flow, step 1 always returns an otpId):**
```javascript
// Step 1: request the code. Always returns { otpId } - even if the email
// does not exist, PocketBase returns a synthetic id so enumeration is
// impossible. Treat every response as success from the UI perspective.
const { otpId } = await pb.collection("users").requestOTP("user@example.com");
// Step 2: exchange otpId + the 8-digit code the user typed
const authData = await pb.collection("users").authWithOTP(
otpId,
"12345678",
);
// pb.authStore is now populated
```
```go
// Go side - rate-limit and log if you wrap your own endpoint
app.OnRecordRequestOTPRequest("users").BindFunc(func(e *core.RecordRequestOTPRequestEvent) error {
// e.Collection, e.Record (may be nil - synthetic id path),
// e.Email (always present), e.Password (unused for OTP)
e.App.Logger().Info("otp requested",
"email", e.Email,
"ip", e.RequestInfo.Headers["x_forwarded_for"])
return e.Next() // REQUIRED
})
```
**Rules:**
- `requestOTP` **always returns 200 with an otpId**, even for non-existent emails - preserve that by never adding a pre-check or a different error path.
- Enable the built-in rate limiter (see `deploy-rate-limiting.md`) and raise the cost for the `*:requestOTP` label. Without this, an attacker can email-bomb arbitrary users.
- The OTP code is 8 digits by default, with a 3-minute TTL. Do not extend the TTL - short windows are the whole point.
- `authWithOTP` consumes the code; a successful call invalidates the `otpId`. Always show a generic "invalid or expired code" on failure.
- If you want OTP **without a password**, set the collection's `Password` option to off and `OTP` on. If both are enabled, users can use either.
- OTP emails are sent via the configured SMTP server. In dev, point SMTP at Mailpit or a console logger before testing - do **not** ship with the default "no-reply@example.com" sender.
Reference: [Auth with OTP](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/#auth-with-otp) · [JS SDK - authWithOTP](https://github.com/pocketbase/js-sdk#authwithotp)

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@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
---
title: Implement Secure Password Authentication
impact: CRITICAL
impactDescription: Secure user login with proper error handling and token management
tags: authentication, password, login, security
---
## Implement Secure Password Authentication
Password authentication should include proper error handling, avoid exposing whether emails exist, and correctly manage the auth store.
**Incorrect (exposing information and poor error handling):**
```javascript
// Dangerous: exposes whether email exists
async function login(email, password) {
const user = await pb.collection('users').getFirstListItem(`email = "${email}"`);
if (!user) {
throw new Error('Email not found'); // Reveals email doesn't exist
}
// Manual password check - never do this!
if (user.password !== password) {
throw new Error('Wrong password'); // Reveals password is wrong
}
return user;
}
```
**Correct (secure authentication):**
```javascript
import PocketBase from 'pocketbase';
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
async function login(email, password) {
try {
// authWithPassword handles hashing and returns token
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(email, password);
// Token is automatically stored in pb.authStore
console.log('Logged in as:', authData.record.email);
console.log('Token valid:', pb.authStore.isValid);
return authData;
} catch (error) {
// Generic error message - don't reveal if email exists
if (error.status === 400) {
throw new Error('Invalid email or password');
}
throw error;
}
}
// Check if user is authenticated
function isAuthenticated() {
return pb.authStore.isValid;
}
// Get current user
function getCurrentUser() {
return pb.authStore.record;
}
// Logout
function logout() {
pb.authStore.clear();
}
// Listen for auth changes
pb.authStore.onChange((token, record) => {
console.log('Auth state changed:', record?.email || 'logged out');
}, true); // true = fire immediately with current state
```
**Auth collection configuration for password auth:**
```javascript
// When creating auth collection via API (superuser only)
await pb.collections.create({
name: 'users',
type: 'auth',
fields: [
{ name: 'name', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'avatar', type: 'file', options: { maxSelect: 1 } }
],
passwordAuth: {
enabled: true,
identityFields: ['email', 'username'] // Fields that can be used to login
},
// Require minimum password length
// (configured in Admin UI under collection options)
});
```
**Security considerations:**
- Never store passwords in plain text
- Use generic error messages
- Implement rate limiting on your server
- Consider adding MFA for sensitive applications
Reference: [PocketBase Auth](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/)

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@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
---
title: Manage Auth Tokens Properly
impact: CRITICAL
impactDescription: Prevents unauthorized access, handles token expiration gracefully
tags: authentication, tokens, refresh, security, session
---
## Manage Auth Tokens Properly
Auth tokens should be refreshed before expiration, validated on critical operations, and properly cleared on logout. The SDK's authStore handles most of this automatically.
**Incorrect (ignoring token expiration):**
```javascript
// Bad: never checking token validity
async function fetchUserData() {
// Token might be expired!
const records = await pb.collection('posts').getList();
return records;
}
// Bad: manually managing tokens
let authToken = localStorage.getItem('token');
fetch('/api/posts', {
headers: { 'Authorization': authToken } // Token might be invalid
});
```
**Correct (proper token management):**
```javascript
import PocketBase from 'pocketbase';
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
// Check token validity before operations
async function fetchSecureData() {
// authStore.isValid is a client-side check only (JWT expiry parsing).
// Always verify server-side with authRefresh() for critical operations.
if (!pb.authStore.isValid) {
throw new Error('Please log in');
}
return pb.collection('posts').getList();
}
// Refresh token periodically or before expiration
async function refreshAuthIfNeeded() {
if (!pb.authStore.isValid) {
return false;
}
try {
// Verifies current token and returns fresh one
await pb.collection('users').authRefresh();
console.log('Token refreshed');
return true;
} catch (error) {
// Token invalid - user needs to re-authenticate
pb.authStore.clear();
return false;
}
}
// Auto-refresh on app initialization
async function initializeAuth() {
if (pb.authStore.token) {
try {
await pb.collection('users').authRefresh();
} catch {
pb.authStore.clear();
}
}
}
// Listen for auth changes and handle expiration
pb.authStore.onChange((token, record) => {
if (!token) {
// User logged out or token cleared
redirectToLogin();
}
});
// Setup periodic refresh (e.g., every 10 minutes)
setInterval(async () => {
if (pb.authStore.isValid) {
try {
await pb.collection('users').authRefresh();
} catch {
pb.authStore.clear();
}
}
}, 10 * 60 * 1000);
```
**SSR / Server-side token handling:**
```javascript
// Server-side: create fresh client per request
export async function handleRequest(request) {
const pb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
// Load auth from cookie
pb.authStore.loadFromCookie(request.headers.get('cookie') || '');
// Validate and refresh
if (pb.authStore.isValid) {
try {
await pb.collection('users').authRefresh();
} catch {
pb.authStore.clear();
}
}
// ... handle request ...
// Send updated cookie with secure options
const response = new Response();
response.headers.set('set-cookie', pb.authStore.exportToCookie({
httpOnly: true, // Prevent XSS access to auth token
secure: true, // HTTPS only
sameSite: 'Lax', // CSRF protection
}));
return response;
}
```
**Token configuration (Admin UI or migration):**
```javascript
// Configure token durations (superuser only)
await pb.collections.update('users', {
authToken: {
duration: 1209600 // 14 days in seconds
},
verificationToken: {
duration: 604800 // 7 days
}
});
```
Reference: [PocketBase Auth Store](https://pocketbase.io/docs/authentication/)

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@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
---
title: Use Auth Collections for User Accounts
impact: CRITICAL
impactDescription: Built-in authentication, password hashing, OAuth2 support
tags: collections, auth, users, authentication, design
---
## Use Auth Collections for User Accounts
Auth collections provide built-in authentication features including secure password hashing, email verification, OAuth2 support, and token management. Using base collections for users requires reimplementing these security-critical features.
**Incorrect (using base collection for users):**
```javascript
// Base collection loses all auth features
const usersCollection = {
name: 'users',
type: 'base', // Wrong! No auth capabilities
schema: [
{ name: 'email', type: 'email' },
{ name: 'password', type: 'text' }, // Stored in plain text!
{ name: 'name', type: 'text' }
]
};
// Manual login implementation - insecure
const user = await pb.collection('users').getFirstListItem(
`email = "${email}" && password = "${password}"` // SQL injection risk!
);
```
**Correct (using auth collection):**
```javascript
// Auth collection with built-in security
const usersCollection = {
name: 'users',
type: 'auth', // Enables authentication features
schema: [
{ name: 'name', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'avatar', type: 'file', options: { maxSelect: 1 } }
],
options: {
allowEmailAuth: true,
allowOAuth2Auth: true,
requireEmail: true,
minPasswordLength: 8
}
};
// Secure authentication with password hashing
const authData = await pb.collection('users').authWithPassword(
'user@example.com',
'securePassword123'
);
// Token automatically stored in authStore
// NOTE: Never log tokens in production - shown here for illustration only
console.log('Authenticated as:', pb.authStore.record.id);
```
**When to use each type:**
- **Auth collection**: User accounts, admin accounts, any entity that needs to log in
- **Base collection**: Regular data like posts, products, orders, comments
- **View collection**: Read-only aggregations or complex queries
Reference: [PocketBase Auth Collections](https://pocketbase.io/docs/collections/#auth-collection)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
---
title: Choose Appropriate Field Types for Your Data
impact: CRITICAL
impactDescription: Prevents data corruption, improves query performance, reduces storage
tags: collections, schema, field-types, design
---
## Choose Appropriate Field Types for Your Data
Selecting the wrong field type leads to data validation issues, wasted storage, and poor query performance. PocketBase provides specialized field types that enforce constraints at the database level.
**Incorrect (using text for everything):**
```javascript
// Using plain text fields for structured data
const collection = {
name: 'products',
schema: [
{ name: 'price', type: 'text' }, // Should be number
{ name: 'email', type: 'text' }, // Should be email
{ name: 'website', type: 'text' }, // Should be url
{ name: 'active', type: 'text' }, // Should be bool
{ name: 'tags', type: 'text' }, // Should be select or json
{ name: 'created', type: 'text' } // Should be autodate
]
};
// No validation, inconsistent data, manual parsing required
```
**Correct (using appropriate field types):**
```javascript
// Using specialized field types with proper validation
const collection = {
name: 'products',
type: 'base',
schema: [
{ name: 'price', type: 'number', options: { min: 0 } },
{ name: 'email', type: 'email' },
{ name: 'website', type: 'url' },
{ name: 'active', type: 'bool' },
{ name: 'tags', type: 'select', options: {
maxSelect: 5,
values: ['electronics', 'clothing', 'food', 'other']
}},
{ name: 'metadata', type: 'json' }
// created/updated are automatic system fields
]
};
// Built-in validation, proper indexing, type-safe queries
```
**Available field types:**
- `text` - Plain text with optional min/max length, regex pattern
- `number` - Integer or decimal with optional min/max
- `bool` - True/false values
- `email` - Email with format validation
- `url` - URL with format validation
- `date` - Date/datetime values
- `autodate` - Auto-set on create/update
- `select` - Single or multi-select from predefined values
- `json` - Arbitrary JSON data
- `file` - File attachments
- `relation` - References to other collections
- `editor` - Rich text HTML content
Reference: [PocketBase Collections](https://pocketbase.io/docs/collections/)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
---
title: Use GeoPoint Fields for Location Data
impact: MEDIUM
impactDescription: Built-in geographic queries, distance calculations
tags: collections, geopoint, location, geographic, maps
---
## Use GeoPoint Fields for Location Data
PocketBase provides a dedicated GeoPoint field type for storing geographic coordinates with built-in distance query support via `geoDistance()`.
**Incorrect (storing coordinates as separate fields):**
```javascript
// Separate lat/lon fields - no built-in distance queries
const placesSchema = [
{ name: 'name', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'latitude', type: 'number' },
{ name: 'longitude', type: 'number' }
];
// Manual distance calculation - complex and slow
async function findNearby(lat, lon, maxKm) {
const places = await pb.collection('places').getFullList();
// Calculate distance for every record client-side
return places.filter(place => {
const dist = haversine(lat, lon, place.latitude, place.longitude);
return dist <= maxKm;
});
}
```
**Correct (using GeoPoint field):**
```javascript
// GeoPoint field stores coordinates as { lon, lat } object
const placesSchema = [
{ name: 'name', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'location', type: 'geopoint' }
];
// Creating a record with GeoPoint
await pb.collection('places').create({
name: 'Coffee Shop',
location: { lon: -73.9857, lat: 40.7484 } // Note: lon first!
});
// Or using "lon,lat" string format
await pb.collection('places').create({
name: 'Restaurant',
location: '-73.9857,40.7484' // String format also works
});
// Query nearby locations using geoDistance()
async function findNearby(lon, lat, maxKm) {
// geoDistance returns distance in kilometers
const places = await pb.collection('places').getList(1, 50, {
filter: pb.filter(
'geoDistance(location, {:point}) <= {:maxKm}',
{
point: { lon, lat },
maxKm: maxKm
}
),
sort: pb.filter('geoDistance(location, {:point})', { point: { lon, lat } })
});
return places;
}
// Find places within 5km of Times Square
const nearbyPlaces = await findNearby(-73.9857, 40.7580, 5);
// Use in API rules for location-based access
// listRule: geoDistance(location, @request.query.point) <= 10
```
**geoDistance() function:**
```javascript
// Syntax: geoDistance(geopointField, referencePoint)
// Returns: distance in kilometers
// In filter expressions
filter: 'geoDistance(location, "-73.9857,40.7484") <= 5'
// With parameter binding (recommended)
filter: pb.filter('geoDistance(location, {:center}) <= {:radius}', {
center: { lon: -73.9857, lat: 40.7484 },
radius: 5
})
// Sorting by distance
sort: 'geoDistance(location, "-73.9857,40.7484")' // Closest first
sort: '-geoDistance(location, "-73.9857,40.7484")' // Farthest first
```
**GeoPoint data format:**
```javascript
// Object format (recommended)
{ lon: -73.9857, lat: 40.7484 }
// String format
"-73.9857,40.7484" // "lon,lat" order
// Important: longitude comes FIRST (GeoJSON convention)
```
**Use cases:**
- Store-locator / find nearby
- Delivery radius validation
- Geofencing in API rules
- Location-based search results
**Limitations:**
- Spherical Earth calculation (accurate to ~0.3%)
- No polygon/area containment queries
- Single point per field (use multiple fields for routes)
Reference: [PocketBase GeoPoint](https://pocketbase.io/docs/collections/#geopoint)

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@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
---
title: Create Indexes for Frequently Filtered Fields
impact: CRITICAL
impactDescription: 10-100x faster queries on large collections
tags: collections, indexes, performance, query-optimization
---
## Create Indexes for Frequently Filtered Fields
PocketBase uses SQLite which benefits significantly from proper indexing. Queries filtering or sorting on unindexed fields perform full table scans.
**Incorrect (no indexes on filtered fields):**
```javascript
// Querying without indexes
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
filter: 'author = "user123" && status = "published"',
sort: '-publishedAt'
});
// Full table scan on large collections - very slow
// API rules also query without indexes
// listRule: "author = @request.auth.id"
// Every list request scans entire table
```
**Correct (indexed fields):**
```javascript
// Create collection with indexes via Admin UI or migration
// In PocketBase Admin: Collection > Indexes > Add Index
// Common index patterns:
// 1. Single field index for equality filters
// CREATE INDEX idx_posts_author ON posts(author)
// 2. Composite index for multiple filters
// CREATE INDEX idx_posts_author_status ON posts(author, status)
// 3. Index with sort field
// CREATE INDEX idx_posts_status_published ON posts(status, publishedAt DESC)
// Queries now use indexes
const posts = await pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20, {
filter: 'author = "user123" && status = "published"',
sort: '-publishedAt'
});
// Index scan - fast even with millions of records
// For unique constraints (e.g., slug)
// CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_posts_slug ON posts(slug)
```
**Index recommendations:**
- Fields used in `filter` expressions
- Fields used in `sort` parameters
- Fields used in API rules (`listRule`, `viewRule`, etc.)
- Relation fields (automatically indexed)
- Unique fields like slugs or codes
**Index considerations for SQLite:**
- Composite indexes work left-to-right (order matters)
- Too many indexes slow down writes
- Use `EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN` in SQL to verify index usage
- Partial indexes for filtered subsets
```sql
-- Check if index is used
EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN
SELECT * FROM posts WHERE author = 'user123' AND status = 'published';
-- Should show "USING INDEX" not "SCAN"
```
Reference: [SQLite Query Planning](https://www.sqlite.org/queryplanner.html)

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---
title: Configure Relations with Proper Cascade Options
impact: CRITICAL
impactDescription: Maintains referential integrity, prevents orphaned records, controls deletion behavior
tags: collections, relations, foreign-keys, cascade, design
---
## Configure Relations with Proper Cascade Options
Relation fields connect collections together. Proper cascade configuration ensures data integrity when referenced records are deleted.
**Incorrect (default cascade behavior not considered):**
```javascript
// Relation without considering deletion behavior
const ordersSchema = [
{ name: 'customer', type: 'relation', options: {
collectionId: 'customers_collection_id',
maxSelect: 1
// No cascade options specified - defaults may cause issues
}},
{ name: 'products', type: 'relation', options: {
collectionId: 'products_collection_id'
// Multiple products, no cascade handling
}}
];
// Deleting a customer may fail or orphan orders
await pb.collection('customers').delete(customerId);
// Error: record is referenced by other records
```
**Correct (explicit cascade configuration):**
```javascript
// Carefully configured relations
const ordersSchema = [
{
name: 'customer',
type: 'relation',
required: true,
options: {
collectionId: 'customers_collection_id',
maxSelect: 1,
cascadeDelete: false // Prevent accidental mass deletion
}
},
{
name: 'products',
type: 'relation',
options: {
collectionId: 'products_collection_id',
maxSelect: 99,
cascadeDelete: false
}
}
];
// For dependent data like comments - cascade delete makes sense
const commentsSchema = [
{
name: 'post',
type: 'relation',
options: {
collectionId: 'posts_collection_id',
maxSelect: 1,
cascadeDelete: true // Delete comments when post is deleted
}
}
];
// NOTE: For audit logs, avoid cascadeDelete - logs should be retained
// for compliance/forensics even after the referenced user is deleted.
// Use cascadeDelete: false and handle user deletion separately.
// Handle deletion manually when cascade is false
try {
await pb.collection('customers').delete(customerId);
} catch (e) {
if (e.status === 400) {
// Customer has orders - handle appropriately
// Option 1: Soft delete (set 'deleted' flag)
// Option 2: Reassign orders
// Option 3: Delete orders first
}
}
```
**Cascade options:**
- `cascadeDelete: true` - Delete referencing records when referenced record is deleted
- `cascadeDelete: false` - Block deletion if references exist (default for required relations)
**Best practices:**
- Use `cascadeDelete: true` for dependent data (comments on posts, logs for users)
- Use `cascadeDelete: false` for important data (orders, transactions)
- Consider soft deletes for audit trails
- Document your cascade strategy
Reference: [PocketBase Relations](https://pocketbase.io/docs/collections/#relation)

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---
title: Use View Collections for Complex Read-Only Queries
impact: HIGH
impactDescription: Simplifies complex queries, improves maintainability, enables aggregations
tags: collections, views, sql, aggregation, design
---
## Use View Collections for Complex Read-Only Queries
View collections execute custom SQL queries and expose results through the standard API. They're ideal for aggregations, joins, and computed fields without duplicating logic across your application.
**Incorrect (computing aggregations client-side):**
```javascript
// Fetching all records to compute stats client-side
const orders = await pb.collection('orders').getFullList();
const products = await pb.collection('products').getFullList();
// Expensive client-side computation
const stats = orders.reduce((acc, order) => {
const product = products.find(p => p.id === order.product);
acc.totalRevenue += order.quantity * product.price;
acc.orderCount++;
return acc;
}, { totalRevenue: 0, orderCount: 0 });
// Fetches all data, slow, memory-intensive
```
**Correct (using view collection):**
```javascript
// Create a view collection in PocketBase Admin UI or via API
// View SQL:
// SELECT
// p.id,
// p.name,
// COUNT(o.id) as order_count,
// SUM(o.quantity) as total_sold,
// SUM(o.quantity * p.price) as revenue
// FROM products p
// LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.product = p.id
// GROUP BY p.id
// Simple, efficient query
const productStats = await pb.collection('product_stats').getList(1, 20, {
sort: '-revenue'
});
// Each record has computed fields
productStats.items.forEach(stat => {
console.log(`${stat.name}: ${stat.order_count} orders, $${stat.revenue}`);
});
```
**View collection use cases:**
- Aggregations (COUNT, SUM, AVG)
- Joining data from multiple collections
- Computed/derived fields
- Denormalized read models
- Dashboard statistics
**Limitations:**
- Read-only (no create/update/delete)
- Must return `id` column
- No realtime subscriptions
- API rules still apply for access control
Reference: [PocketBase View Collections](https://pocketbase.io/docs/collections/#view-collection)

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@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
---
title: Implement Proper Backup Strategies
impact: LOW-MEDIUM
impactDescription: Prevents data loss, enables disaster recovery
tags: production, backup, disaster-recovery, data-protection
---
## Implement Proper Backup Strategies
Regular backups are essential for production deployments. PocketBase provides built-in backup functionality and supports external S3 storage.
**Incorrect (no backup strategy):**
```javascript
// No backups at all - disaster waiting to happen
// Just running: ./pocketbase serve
// Manual file copy while server running - can corrupt data
// cp pb_data/data.db backup/
// Only backing up database, missing files
// sqlite3 pb_data/data.db ".backup backup.db"
```
**Correct (comprehensive backup strategy):**
```javascript
// 1. Using PocketBase Admin API for backups
const adminPb = new PocketBase('http://127.0.0.1:8090');
await adminPb.collection('_superusers').authWithPassword(admin, password);
// Create backup (includes database and files)
async function createBackup(name = '') {
const backup = await adminPb.backups.create(name);
console.log('Backup created:', backup.key);
return backup;
}
// List available backups
async function listBackups() {
const backups = await adminPb.backups.getFullList();
backups.forEach(b => {
console.log(`${b.key} - ${b.size} bytes - ${b.modified}`);
});
return backups;
}
// Download backup
async function downloadBackup(key) {
const token = await adminPb.files.getToken();
const url = adminPb.backups.getDownloadURL(token, key);
// url can be used to download the backup file
return url;
}
// Restore from backup (CAUTION: overwrites current data!)
async function restoreBackup(key) {
await adminPb.backups.restore(key);
console.log('Restore initiated - server will restart');
}
// Delete old backups
async function cleanupOldBackups(keepCount = 7) {
const backups = await adminPb.backups.getFullList();
// Sort by date, keep newest
const sorted = backups.sort((a, b) =>
new Date(b.modified) - new Date(a.modified)
);
const toDelete = sorted.slice(keepCount);
for (const backup of toDelete) {
await adminPb.backups.delete(backup.key);
console.log('Deleted old backup:', backup.key);
}
}
```
**Automated backup script (cron job):**
```bash
#!/bin/bash
# backup.sh - Run daily via cron
POCKETBASE_URL="http://127.0.0.1:8090"
ADMIN_EMAIL="admin@example.com"
ADMIN_PASSWORD="your-secure-password"
BACKUP_DIR="/path/to/backups"
KEEP_DAYS=7
# Create timestamp
TIMESTAMP=$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)
# Create backup via API
curl -X POST "${POCKETBASE_URL}/api/backups" \
-H "Authorization: $(curl -s -X POST "${POCKETBASE_URL}/api/collections/_superusers/auth-with-password" \
-d "identity=${ADMIN_EMAIL}&password=${ADMIN_PASSWORD}" | jq -r '.token')" \
-d "name=backup_${TIMESTAMP}"
# Clean old local backups
find "${BACKUP_DIR}" -name "*.zip" -mtime +${KEEP_DAYS} -delete
echo "Backup completed: backup_${TIMESTAMP}"
```
**Configure S3 for backup storage:**
```javascript
// In Admin UI: Settings > Backups > S3
// Or via API:
await adminPb.settings.update({
backups: {
s3: {
enabled: true,
bucket: 'my-pocketbase-backups',
region: 'us-east-1',
endpoint: 's3.amazonaws.com',
accessKey: process.env.AWS_ACCESS_KEY,
secret: process.env.AWS_SECRET_KEY
}
}
});
```
**Backup best practices:**
| Aspect | Recommendation |
|--------|---------------|
| Frequency | Daily minimum, hourly for critical apps |
| Retention | 7-30 days of daily backups |
| Storage | Off-site (S3, separate server) |
| Testing | Monthly restore tests |
| Monitoring | Alert on backup failures |
**Pre-backup checklist:**
- [ ] S3 or external storage configured
- [ ] Automated schedule set up
- [ ] Retention policy defined
- [ ] Restore procedure documented
- [ ] Restore tested successfully
Reference: [PocketBase Backups](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/#backups)

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@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
---
title: Configure Production Settings Properly
impact: LOW-MEDIUM
impactDescription: Secure and optimized production environment
tags: production, configuration, security, environment
---
## Configure Production Settings Properly
Production deployments require proper configuration of URLs, secrets, SMTP, and security settings.
**Incorrect (development defaults in production):**
```bash
# Running with defaults - insecure!
./pocketbase serve
# Hardcoded secrets
./pocketbase serve --encryptionEnv="mySecretKey123"
# Wrong origin for CORS
# Leaving http://localhost:8090 as allowed origin
```
**Correct (production configuration):**
```bash
# Production startup with essential flags
./pocketbase serve \
--http="0.0.0.0:8090" \
--origins="https://myapp.com,https://www.myapp.com" \
--encryptionEnv="PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY"
# Using environment variables
export PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY="your-32-char-encryption-key-here"
export SMTP_HOST="smtp.sendgrid.net"
export SMTP_PORT="587"
export SMTP_USER="apikey"
export SMTP_PASS="your-sendgrid-api-key"
./pocketbase serve --http="0.0.0.0:8090"
```
**Configure SMTP for emails:**
```javascript
// Via Admin UI or API
await adminPb.settings.update({
smtp: {
enabled: true,
host: process.env.SMTP_HOST,
port: parseInt(process.env.SMTP_PORT),
username: process.env.SMTP_USER,
password: process.env.SMTP_PASS,
tls: true
},
meta: {
appName: 'My App',
appURL: 'https://myapp.com',
senderName: 'My App',
senderAddress: 'noreply@myapp.com'
}
});
// Test email configuration
await adminPb.settings.testEmail('users', 'test@example.com', 'verification');
```
**Configure S3 for file storage:**
```javascript
// Move file storage to S3 for scalability
await adminPb.settings.update({
s3: {
enabled: true,
bucket: 'my-app-files',
region: 'us-east-1',
endpoint: 's3.amazonaws.com',
accessKey: process.env.AWS_ACCESS_KEY,
secret: process.env.AWS_SECRET_KEY,
forcePathStyle: false
}
});
// Test S3 connection
await adminPb.settings.testS3('storage');
```
**Systemd service file:**
```ini
# /etc/systemd/system/pocketbase.service
[Unit]
Description=PocketBase
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=simple
User=pocketbase
Group=pocketbase
LimitNOFILE=4096
Restart=always
RestartSec=5s
WorkingDirectory=/opt/pocketbase
ExecStart=/opt/pocketbase/pocketbase serve --http="127.0.0.1:8090"
# Environment variables
EnvironmentFile=/opt/pocketbase/.env
# Security hardening
NoNewPrivileges=yes
PrivateTmp=yes
ProtectSystem=strict
ProtectHome=yes
ReadWritePaths=/opt/pocketbase/pb_data
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
```
**Environment file (.env):**
```bash
# /opt/pocketbase/.env
# SECURITY: Set restrictive permissions: chmod 600 /opt/pocketbase/.env
# SECURITY: Add to .gitignore - NEVER commit this file to version control
# For production, consider a secrets manager (Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, etc.)
PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY= # Generate with: openssl rand -hex 16
# SMTP
SMTP_HOST=smtp.sendgrid.net
SMTP_PORT=587
SMTP_USER=apikey
SMTP_PASS= # Set your SMTP password here
# S3 (optional)
AWS_ACCESS_KEY= # Set your AWS access key
AWS_SECRET_KEY= # Set your AWS secret key
# OAuth (optional)
GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID= # Set your Google client ID
GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET= # Set your Google client secret
```
**Protect your environment file:**
```bash
# Set restrictive permissions (owner read/write only)
chmod 600 /opt/pocketbase/.env
chown pocketbase:pocketbase /opt/pocketbase/.env
# Ensure .env is in .gitignore
echo ".env" >> .gitignore
```
**Production checklist:**
- [ ] HTTPS enabled (via reverse proxy)
- [ ] Strong encryption key set
- [ ] CORS origins configured
- [ ] SMTP configured and tested
- [ ] Superuser password changed
- [ ] S3 configured (for scalability)
- [ ] Backup schedule configured
- [ ] Rate limiting enabled (via reverse proxy)
- [ ] Logging configured
Reference: [PocketBase Going to Production](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/)

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---
title: Enable Rate Limiting for API Protection
impact: MEDIUM
impactDescription: Prevents abuse, brute-force attacks, and DoS
tags: production, security, rate-limiting, abuse-prevention
---
## Enable Rate Limiting for API Protection
PocketBase v0.23+ includes built-in rate limiting. Enable it to protect against brute-force attacks, API abuse, and excessive resource consumption.
> **v0.36.7 behavioral change:** the built-in limiter switched from a sliding-window to a **fixed-window** strategy. This is cheaper and more predictable, but it means a client can send `2 * maxRequests` in quick succession if they straddle the window boundary. Size your limits with that worst case in mind, and put Nginx/Caddy rate limiting in front of PocketBase for defense in depth (see examples below).
**Incorrect (no rate limiting):**
```bash
# Running without rate limiting
./pocketbase serve
# Vulnerable to:
# - Brute-force password attacks
# - API abuse and scraping
# - DoS from excessive requests
# - Account enumeration attempts
```
**Correct (enable rate limiting):**
```bash
# Enable via command line flag
./pocketbase serve --rateLimiter=true
# Or configure specific limits (requests per second per IP)
./pocketbase serve --rateLimiter=true --rateLimiterRPS=10
```
**Configure via Admin Dashboard:**
Navigate to Settings > Rate Limiter:
- **Enable rate limiter**: Toggle on
- **Max requests/second**: Default 10, adjust based on needs
- **Exempt endpoints**: Optionally whitelist certain paths
**Configure programmatically (Go/JS hooks):**
```javascript
// In pb_hooks/rate_limit.pb.js
routerAdd("GET", "/api/public/*", (e) => {
// Custom rate limit for specific endpoints
}, $apis.rateLimit(100, "10s")); // 100 requests per 10 seconds
// Stricter limit for auth endpoints
routerAdd("POST", "/api/collections/users/auth-*", (e) => {
// Auth endpoints need stricter limits
}, $apis.rateLimit(5, "1m")); // 5 attempts per minute
```
**Rate limiting with reverse proxy (additional layer):**
```nginx
# Nginx rate limiting (defense in depth)
http {
# Define rate limit zones
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api:10m rate=10r/s;
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=auth:10m rate=1r/s;
server {
# General API rate limit
location /api/ {
limit_req zone=api burst=20 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
}
# Strict limit for auth endpoints
location /api/collections/users/auth {
limit_req zone=auth burst=5 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
}
# Stricter limit for superuser auth
location /api/collections/_superusers/auth {
limit_req zone=auth burst=3 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
}
}
}
```
```caddyfile
# Caddy with rate limiting plugin
myapp.com {
rate_limit {
zone api {
key {remote_host}
events 100
window 10s
}
zone auth {
key {remote_host}
events 5
window 1m
}
}
@auth path /api/collections/*/auth*
handle @auth {
rate_limit { zone auth }
reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:8090
}
handle {
rate_limit { zone api }
reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:8090
}
}
```
**Handle rate limit errors in client:**
```javascript
async function makeRequest(fn, retries = 0, maxRetries = 3) {
try {
return await fn();
} catch (error) {
if (error.status === 429 && retries < maxRetries) {
// Rate limited - wait and retry with limit
const retryAfter = error.response?.retryAfter || 60;
console.log(`Rate limited. Retry ${retries + 1}/${maxRetries} after ${retryAfter}s`);
// Show user-friendly message
showMessage('Too many requests. Please wait a moment.');
await sleep(retryAfter * 1000);
return makeRequest(fn, retries + 1, maxRetries);
}
throw error;
}
}
// Usage
const result = await makeRequest(() =>
pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20)
);
```
**Recommended limits by endpoint type:**
| Endpoint Type | Suggested Limit | Reason |
|--------------|-----------------|--------|
| Auth endpoints | 5-10/min | Prevent brute-force |
| Password reset | 3/hour | Prevent enumeration |
| Record creation | 30/min | Prevent spam |
| General API | 60-100/min | Normal usage |
| Public read | 100-200/min | Higher for reads |
| File uploads | 10/min | Resource-intensive |
**Monitoring rate limit hits:**
```javascript
// Check PocketBase logs for rate limit events
// Or set up alerting in your monitoring system
// Client-side tracking
pb.afterSend = function(response, data) {
if (response.status === 429) {
trackEvent('rate_limit_hit', {
endpoint: response.url,
timestamp: new Date()
});
}
return data;
};
```
Reference: [PocketBase Going to Production](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/)

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---
title: Configure Reverse Proxy Correctly
impact: LOW-MEDIUM
impactDescription: HTTPS, caching, rate limiting, and security headers
tags: production, nginx, caddy, https, proxy
---
## Configure Reverse Proxy Correctly
Use a reverse proxy (Nginx, Caddy) for HTTPS termination, caching, rate limiting, and security headers.
**Incorrect (exposing PocketBase directly):**
```bash
# Direct exposure - no HTTPS, no rate limiting
./pocketbase serve --http="0.0.0.0:8090"
# Port forwarding without proxy
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 443 -j REDIRECT --to-port 8090
# Still no HTTPS!
```
**Correct (Caddy - simplest option):**
```caddyfile
# /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
myapp.com {
# Automatic HTTPS via Let's Encrypt
reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:8090 {
# Required for SSE/Realtime
flush_interval -1
}
# Security headers
header {
X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
X-Frame-Options "DENY"
Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload"
Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'"
Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin"
-Server
}
# Restrict admin UI to internal/VPN networks
# @admin path /_/*
# handle @admin {
# @blocked not remote_ip 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16
# respond @blocked 403
# reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:8090
# }
# Rate limiting (requires caddy-ratelimit plugin)
# Install: xcaddy build --with github.com/mholt/caddy-ratelimit
# Without this plugin, use PocketBase's built-in rate limiter (--rateLimiter=true)
# rate_limit {
# zone api {
# key {remote_host}
# events 100
# window 1m
# }
# }
}
```
**Correct (Nginx configuration):**
```nginx
# /etc/nginx/sites-available/pocketbase
# Rate limit zones must be defined in http context (e.g., /etc/nginx/nginx.conf)
# limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api:10m rate=10r/s;
upstream pocketbase {
server 127.0.0.1:8090;
keepalive 64;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name myapp.com;
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name myapp.com;
# SSL configuration
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/myapp.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/myapp.com/privkey.pem;
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;
# Security headers
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
add_header X-Frame-Options "DENY" always;
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;
add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'" always;
add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
# Note: X-XSS-Protection is deprecated and can introduce vulnerabilities.
# Use Content-Security-Policy instead.
location / {
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
# Headers
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
# SSE/Realtime support
proxy_set_header Connection '';
proxy_buffering off;
proxy_cache off;
chunked_transfer_encoding off;
# Timeouts
proxy_read_timeout 3600s;
proxy_send_timeout 3600s;
}
# Rate limit API endpoints
location /api/ {
limit_req zone=api burst=20 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header Connection '';
proxy_buffering off;
}
# Static file caching
location /api/files/ {
proxy_pass http://pocketbase;
proxy_cache_valid 200 1d;
expires 1d;
add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
}
# Gzip compression
gzip on;
gzip_types text/plain application/json application/javascript text/css;
gzip_min_length 1000;
}
```
**Docker Compose with Caddy:**
```yaml
# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'
services:
pocketbase:
# NOTE: This is a third-party community image, not officially maintained by PocketBase.
# For production, consider building your own image from the official PocketBase binary.
# See: https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/
image: ghcr.io/muchobien/pocketbase:latest
restart: unless-stopped
volumes:
- ./pb_data:/pb_data
environment:
- PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY=${PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY}
caddy:
image: caddy:2-alpine
restart: unless-stopped
ports:
- "80:80"
- "443:443"
volumes:
- ./Caddyfile:/etc/caddy/Caddyfile
- caddy_data:/data
- caddy_config:/config
depends_on:
- pocketbase
volumes:
caddy_data:
caddy_config:
```
**Key configuration points:**
| Feature | Why It Matters |
|---------|---------------|
| HTTPS | Encrypts traffic, required for auth |
| SSE support | `proxy_buffering off` for realtime |
| Rate limiting | Prevents abuse |
| Security headers | XSS/clickjacking protection |
| Keepalive | Connection reuse, better performance |
Reference: [PocketBase Going to Production](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/)

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---
title: Tune OS and Runtime for PocketBase Scale
impact: MEDIUM
impactDescription: Prevents file descriptor exhaustion, OOM kills, and exposes secure config for production deployments
tags: production, scaling, ulimit, gomemlimit, docker, encryption, deployment
---
## Tune OS and Runtime for PocketBase Scale
Three low-effort OS/runtime knobs have outsized impact on production stability: open-file limits for realtime connections, Go memory limits for constrained hosts, and settings encryption for shared or externally-backed infrastructure. None of these are set automatically.
**Incorrect (default OS limits, no memory governor, plain-text settings):**
```bash
# Start without raising the file descriptor limit
/root/pb/pocketbase serve yourdomain.com
# → "Too many open files" once concurrent realtime connections exceed ~1024
# Start in a container that has a 512 MB RAM cap without GOMEMLIMIT
docker run -m 512m pocketbase serve ...
# → OOM kill during large file upload because Go GC doesn't respect cgroup limits
# Store SMTP password and S3 secret as plain JSON in pb_data/data.db
pocketbase serve # no --encryptionEnv
# → Anyone who obtains the database backup can read all credentials
```
**Correct:**
```bash
# 1. Raise the open-file limit before starting (Linux/macOS)
# Check current limit first:
ulimit -a | grep "open files"
# Temporarily raise to 4096 for the current session:
ulimit -n 4096
/root/pb/pocketbase serve yourdomain.com
# Or persist it via systemd (recommended for production):
# /lib/systemd/system/pocketbase.service
# [Service]
# LimitNOFILE = 4096
# ...
# 2. Cap Go's soft memory target on memory-constrained hosts
# (instructs the GC to be more aggressive before the kernel OOM-kills the process)
GOMEMLIMIT=512MiB /root/pb/pocketbase serve yourdomain.com
# 3. Encrypt application settings at rest
# Generate a random 32-character key once:
export PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY="z76NX9WWiB05UmQGxw367B6zM39T11fF"
# Start with the env-var name (not the value) as the flag argument:
pocketbase serve --encryptionEnv=PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY
```
**Docker deployment pattern (v0.36.8):**
```dockerfile
FROM alpine:latest
ARG PB_VERSION=0.36.8
RUN apk add --no-cache unzip ca-certificates
ADD https://github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/releases/download/v${PB_VERSION}/pocketbase_${PB_VERSION}_linux_amd64.zip /tmp/pb.zip
RUN unzip /tmp/pb.zip -d /pb/
# Uncomment to bundle pre-written migrations or hooks:
# COPY ./pb_migrations /pb/pb_migrations
# COPY ./pb_hooks /pb/pb_hooks
EXPOSE 8080
# Mount a volume at /pb/pb_data to persist data across container restarts
CMD ["/pb/pocketbase", "serve", "--http=0.0.0.0:8080"]
```
```yaml
# docker-compose.yml
services:
pocketbase:
build: .
ports:
- "8080:8080"
volumes:
- pb_data:/pb/pb_data
environment:
GOMEMLIMIT: "512MiB"
PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY: "${PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY}"
command: ["/pb/pocketbase", "serve", "--http=0.0.0.0:8080", "--encryptionEnv=PB_ENCRYPTION_KEY"]
volumes:
pb_data:
```
**Quick-reference checklist:**
| Concern | Fix |
|---------|-----|
| `Too many open files` errors | `ulimit -n 4096` (or `LimitNOFILE=4096` in systemd) |
| OOM kill on constrained host | `GOMEMLIMIT=512MiB` env var |
| Credentials visible in DB backup | `--encryptionEnv=YOUR_VAR` with a 32-char random key |
| Persistent data in Docker | Mount volume at `/pb/pb_data` |
Reference: [Going to production](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/)

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---
title: Optimize SQLite for Production
impact: LOW-MEDIUM
impactDescription: Better performance and reliability for SQLite database
tags: production, sqlite, database, performance
---
## Optimize SQLite for Production
PocketBase uses SQLite with optimized defaults. Understanding its characteristics helps optimize performance and avoid common pitfalls. PocketBase uses two separate databases: `data.db` (application data) and `auxiliary.db` (logs and ephemeral data), which reduces write contention.
**Incorrect (ignoring SQLite characteristics):**
```javascript
// Heavy concurrent writes - SQLite bottleneck
async function bulkInsert(items) {
// Parallel writes cause lock contention
await Promise.all(items.map(item =>
pb.collection('items').create(item)
));
}
// Not using transactions for batch operations
async function updateMany(items) {
for (const item of items) {
await pb.collection('items').update(item.id, item);
}
// Each write is a separate transaction - slow!
}
// Large text fields without consideration
const schema = [{
name: 'content',
type: 'text' // Could be megabytes - affects all queries
}];
```
**Correct (SQLite-optimized patterns):**
```javascript
// Use batch operations for multiple writes
async function bulkInsert(items) {
const batch = pb.createBatch();
items.forEach(item => {
batch.collection('items').create(item);
});
await batch.send(); // Single transaction, much faster
}
// Batch updates
async function updateMany(items) {
const batch = pb.createBatch();
items.forEach(item => {
batch.collection('items').update(item.id, item);
});
await batch.send();
}
// For very large batches, chunk them
async function bulkInsertLarge(items, chunkSize = 100) {
for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i += chunkSize) {
const chunk = items.slice(i, i + chunkSize);
const batch = pb.createBatch();
chunk.forEach(item => batch.collection('items').create(item));
await batch.send();
}
}
```
**Schema considerations:**
```javascript
// Separate large content into dedicated collection
const postsSchema = [
{ name: 'title', type: 'text' },
{ name: 'summary', type: 'text', options: { maxLength: 500 } },
{ name: 'author', type: 'relation' }
// Content in separate collection
];
const postContentsSchema = [
{ name: 'post', type: 'relation', required: true },
{ name: 'content', type: 'editor' } // Large HTML content
];
// Fetch content only when needed
async function getPostList() {
return pb.collection('posts').getList(1, 20); // Fast, no content
}
async function getPostWithContent(id) {
const post = await pb.collection('posts').getOne(id);
const content = await pb.collection('post_contents').getFirstListItem(
pb.filter('post = {:id}', { id })
);
return { ...post, content: content.content };
}
```
**PocketBase default PRAGMA settings:**
PocketBase already configures optimal SQLite settings. You do not need to set these manually unless using a custom SQLite driver:
```sql
PRAGMA busy_timeout = 10000; -- Wait 10s for locks instead of failing immediately
PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL; -- Write-Ahead Logging: concurrent reads during writes
PRAGMA journal_size_limit = 200000000; -- Limit WAL file to ~200MB
PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL; -- Balanced durability/performance (safe with WAL)
PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON; -- Enforce relation integrity
PRAGMA temp_store = MEMORY; -- Temp tables in memory (faster sorts/joins)
PRAGMA cache_size = -32000; -- 32MB page cache
```
WAL mode is the most impactful setting -- it allows multiple concurrent readers while a single writer is active, which is critical for PocketBase's concurrent API request handling.
**Index optimization:**
```sql
-- Create indexes for commonly filtered/sorted fields
CREATE INDEX idx_posts_author ON posts(author);
CREATE INDEX idx_posts_created ON posts(created DESC);
CREATE INDEX idx_posts_status_created ON posts(status, created DESC);
-- Verify indexes are being used
EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN
SELECT * FROM posts WHERE author = 'xxx' ORDER BY created DESC;
-- Should show: "USING INDEX idx_posts_author"
```
**SQLite limitations and workarounds:**
| Limitation | Workaround |
|------------|------------|
| Single writer | Use batch operations, queue writes |
| No full-text by default | Use view collections with FTS5 |
| File-based | SSD storage, avoid network mounts |
| Memory for large queries | Pagination, limit result sizes |
**Performance monitoring:**
```javascript
// Monitor slow queries via hooks (requires custom PocketBase build)
// Or use SQLite's built-in profiling
// From sqlite3 CLI:
// .timer on
// SELECT * FROM posts WHERE author = 'xxx';
// Run Time: real 0.003 user 0.002 sys 0.001
// Check database size
// ls -lh pb_data/data.db
// Vacuum to reclaim space after deletes
// sqlite3 pb_data/data.db "VACUUM;"
```
**When to consider alternatives:**
Consider migrating from single PocketBase if:
- Write throughput consistently > 1000/sec needed
- Database size > 100GB
- Complex transactions across tables
- Multi-region deployment required
**Custom SQLite driver (advanced):**
PocketBase supports custom SQLite drivers via `DBConnect`. The CGO driver (`mattn/go-sqlite3`) can offer better performance for some workloads and enables extensions like ICU and FTS5. This requires a custom PocketBase build:
```go
// main.go (custom PocketBase build with CGO driver)
package main
import (
"github.com/pocketbase/dbx"
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase"
_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3" // CGO SQLite driver
)
func main() {
app := pocketbase.NewWithConfig(pocketbase.Config{
// Called twice: once for data.db, once for auxiliary.db
DBConnect: func(dbPath string) (*dbx.DB, error) {
return dbx.Open("sqlite3", dbPath)
},
})
if err := app.Start(); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
}
// Build with: CGO_ENABLED=1 go build
```
Note: CGO requires C compiler toolchain and cannot be cross-compiled as easily as pure Go.
**Scaling options:**
1. **Read replicas**: Litestream for SQLite replication
2. **Sharding**: Multiple PocketBase instances by tenant/feature
3. **Caching**: Redis/Memcached for read-heavy loads
4. **Alternative backend**: If requirements exceed SQLite, evaluate PostgreSQL-based frameworks
Reference: [PocketBase Going to Production](https://pocketbase.io/docs/going-to-production/)

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---
title: Compose Hooks, Transactions, Routing, and Enrich in One Request Flow
impact: HIGH
impactDescription: Individual rules are atomic; this composite example shows which app instance applies at each layer and how errors propagate
tags: extending, composition, transactions, hooks, enrich, routing, mental-model
---
## Compose Hooks, Transactions, Routing, and Enrich in One Request Flow
The atomic rules (`ext-hooks-chain`, `ext-transactions`, `ext-routing-custom`, `ext-hooks-record-vs-request`, `ext-filesystem`, `ext-filter-binding-server`) each teach a single trap. Real extending code touches **all of them in the same handler**. This rule walks through one complete request flow and annotates **which app instance is active at each layer** - the single most common source of extending bugs is reaching for the wrong one.
### The flow
`POST /api/myapp/posts` that: authenticates the caller, validates uniqueness with a bound filter, creates a record inside a transaction, uploads a thumbnail through a scoped filesystem, writes an audit log from an `OnRecordAfterCreateSuccess` hook, and shapes the response (including the realtime broadcast) in `OnRecordEnrich`.
```
HTTP request
[group middleware] apis.RequireAuth("users") ◄── e.Auth is set after this
[route handler] se.App.RunInTransaction(func(txApp) {
│ // ⚠️ inside the block, use ONLY txApp, never se.App or outer `app`
│ FindFirstRecordByFilter(txApp, ...) // bound {:slug}
│ txApp.Save(post) // fires OnRecord*Create / *Request
│ │
│ ▼
│ [OnRecordAfterCreateSuccess hook] ◄── e.App IS txApp here
│ │ (hook fires inside the tx)
│ e.App.Save(auditRecord) → participates in rollback
│ e.Next() → REQUIRED
│ │
│ ▼
│ return to route handler
│ fs := txApp.NewFilesystem()
│ defer fs.Close()
│ post.Set("thumb", file); txApp.Save(post)
│ return nil // commit
│ })
[enrich pass] OnRecordEnrich fires ◄── RUNS AFTER the tx committed
│ (also fires for realtime SSE and list responses)
│ e.App is the outer app; tx is already closed
[response serialization] e.JSON(...)
```
### The code
```go
app.OnServe().BindFunc(func(se *core.ServeEvent) error {
g := se.Router.Group("/api/myapp")
g.Bind(apis.RequireAuth("users"))
g.POST("/posts", func(e *core.RequestEvent) error {
// ── Layer 1: route handler ────────────────────────────────────────
// e.App is the top-level app. e.Auth is populated by RequireAuth.
// e.RequestInfo holds headers/body/query.
body := struct {
Slug string `json:"slug"`
Title string `json:"title"`
}{}
if err := e.BindBody(&body); err != nil {
return e.BadRequestError("invalid body", err)
}
var created *core.Record
// ── Layer 2: transaction ──────────────────────────────────────────
txErr := e.App.RunInTransaction(func(txApp core.App) error {
// ⚠️ From here until the closure returns, every DB call MUST go
// through txApp. Capturing e.App or the outer `app` deadlocks
// on the writer lock.
// Bound filter - see ext-filter-binding-server
existing, _ := txApp.FindFirstRecordByFilter(
"posts",
"slug = {:slug}",
dbx.Params{"slug": body.Slug},
)
if existing != nil {
return apis.NewBadRequestError("slug already taken", nil)
}
col, err := txApp.FindCollectionByNameOrId("posts")
if err != nil {
return err
}
post := core.NewRecord(col)
post.Set("slug", body.Slug)
post.Set("title", body.Title)
post.Set("author", e.Auth.Id)
// txApp.Save fires record hooks INSIDE the tx
if err := txApp.Save(post); err != nil {
return err
}
// ── Layer 3: filesystem (scoped to this request) ─────────────
fs, err := txApp.NewFilesystem()
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer fs.Close() // REQUIRED - see ext-filesystem
if uploaded, ok := e.RequestInfo.Body["thumb"].(*filesystem.File); ok {
post.Set("thumb", uploaded)
if err := txApp.Save(post); err != nil {
return err
}
}
created = post
return nil // commit
})
if txErr != nil {
return txErr // framework maps it to a proper HTTP error
}
// ── Layer 5: response (enrich runs automatically) ────────────────
// e.App is the OUTER app again here - the tx has committed.
// OnRecordEnrich will fire during JSON serialization and for any
// realtime subscribers receiving the "create" event.
return e.JSON(http.StatusOK, created)
})
return se.Next()
})
// ── Layer 4: hooks ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// These are registered once at startup, NOT inside the route handler.
app.OnRecordAfterCreateSuccess("posts").Bind(&hook.Handler[*core.RecordEvent]{
Id: "audit-post-create",
Func: func(e *core.RecordEvent) error {
// ⚠️ e.App here is txApp when the parent Save happened inside a tx.
// Always use e.App - never a captured outer `app` - so that the
// audit record participates in the same transaction (and the
// same rollback) as the parent Save.
col, err := e.App.FindCollectionByNameOrId("audit")
if err != nil {
return err
}
audit := core.NewRecord(col)
audit.Set("action", "post.create")
audit.Set("record", e.Record.Id)
audit.Set("actor", e.Record.GetString("author"))
if err := e.App.Save(audit); err != nil {
return err // rolls back the whole request
}
return e.Next() // REQUIRED - see ext-hooks-chain
},
})
app.OnRecordEnrich("posts").BindFunc(func(e *core.RecordEnrichEvent) error {
// Runs for:
// - GET /api/collections/posts/records (list)
// - GET /api/collections/posts/records/{id} (view)
// - realtime SSE create/update broadcasts
// - any apis.EnrichRecord call in a custom route
// Does NOT run inside a transaction; e.App is the outer app.
e.Record.Hide("internalNotes")
if e.RequestInfo != nil && e.RequestInfo.Auth != nil {
e.Record.WithCustomData(true)
e.Record.Set("isMine", e.Record.GetString("author") == e.RequestInfo.Auth.Id)
}
return e.Next()
})
```
### The cheat sheet: "which app am I holding?"
| Where you are | Use | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Top of a route handler (`func(e *core.RequestEvent)`) | `e.App` | Framework's top-level app; same object the server started with |
| Inside `RunInTransaction(func(txApp) { ... })` | `txApp` **only** | Capturing the outer app deadlocks on the SQLite writer lock |
| Inside a record hook fired from a `Save` inside a tx | `e.App` | The framework has already rebound `e.App` to `txApp` for you |
| Inside a record hook fired from a non-tx `Save` | `e.App` | Same identifier, same rules, just points to the top-level app |
| Inside `OnRecordEnrich` | `e.App` | Runs during response serialization, **after** the tx has committed |
| Inside a `app.Cron()` callback | captured `app` / `se.App` | Cron has no per-run scoped app; wrap in `RunInTransaction` if you need atomicity |
| Inside a migration function | the `app` argument | `m.Register(func(app core.App) error { ... })` - already transactional |
### Error propagation in the chain
- `return err` inside `RunInTransaction`**rolls back everything**, including any audit records written by hooks that fired from nested `Save` calls.
- `return err` from a hook handler → propagates back through the `Save` call → propagates out of the tx closure → rolls back.
- **Not** calling `e.Next()` in a hook → the chain is broken **silently**. The framework's own post-save work (realtime broadcast, enrich pass, activity log) is skipped but no error is reported.
- A panic inside the tx closure is recovered by PocketBase, the tx rolls back, and the panic is converted to a 500 response.
- A panic inside a cron callback is recovered and logged - it does **not** take down the process.
### When NOT to compose this much
This example is realistic but also the ceiling of what should live in a single handler. If you find yourself stacking six concerns in one route, consider splitting the logic into a service function that takes `txApp` as a parameter and is called by the route. The same function is then reusable from cron jobs, migrations, and tests.
Reference: cross-references `ext-hooks-chain.md`, `ext-transactions.md`, `ext-routing-custom.md`, `ext-hooks-record-vs-request.md`, `ext-filesystem.md`, `ext-filter-binding-server.md`.

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---
title: Schedule Recurring Jobs with the Builtin Cron Scheduler
impact: MEDIUM
impactDescription: Avoids external schedulers and correctly integrates background tasks with the PocketBase lifecycle
tags: cron, scheduling, jobs, go, jsvm, extending
---
## Schedule Recurring Jobs with the Builtin Cron Scheduler
PocketBase includes a cron scheduler that starts automatically with `serve`. Register jobs before calling `app.Start()` (Go) or at the top level of a `pb_hooks` file (JSVM). Each job runs in its own goroutine and receives a standard cron expression.
**Incorrect (external timer, blocking hook, replacing system jobs):**
```go
// ❌ Using a raw Go timer instead of the app cron misses lifecycle management
go func() {
for range time.Tick(2 * time.Minute) {
log.Println("cleanup")
}
}()
// ❌ Blocking inside a hook instead of scheduling
app.OnServe().BindFunc(func(se *core.ServeEvent) error {
for {
time.Sleep(2 * time.Minute)
log.Println("cleanup") // ❌ blocks the hook and never returns se.Next()
}
})
// ❌ Removing all cron jobs wipes PocketBase's own log-cleanup and auto-backup jobs
app.Cron().RemoveAll()
```
```javascript
// ❌ JSVM: using setTimeout not supported in the embedded goja engine
setTimeout(() => console.log("run"), 120_000); // ReferenceError
```
**Correct Go:**
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase"
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/core"
)
func main() {
app := pocketbase.New()
// Register before app.Start() so the scheduler knows about the job at launch.
// MustAdd panics on an invalid cron expression (use Add if you prefer an error return).
app.Cron().MustAdd("cleanup-drafts", "0 3 * * *", func() {
// Runs every day at 03:00 UTC in its own goroutine.
// Use app directly here (not e.App) because this is not inside a hook.
records, err := app.FindAllRecords("posts",
core.FilterData("status = 'draft' && created < {:cutoff}"),
)
if err != nil {
app.Logger().Error("cron cleanup-drafts", "err", err)
return
}
for _, r := range records {
if err := app.Delete(r); err != nil {
app.Logger().Error("cron delete", "id", r.Id, "err", err)
}
}
})
// Remove a job by ID (e.g. during a feature flag toggle)
// app.Cron().Remove("cleanup-drafts")
if err := app.Start(); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
```
**Correct JSVM:**
```javascript
// pb_hooks/crons.pb.js
/// <reference path="../pb_data/types.d.ts" />
// Top-level cronAdd() registers the job at hook-load time.
// The handler runs in its own goroutine and has access to $app.
cronAdd("notify-unpublished", "*/30 * * * *", () => {
// Runs every 30 minutes
const records = $app.findAllRecords("posts",
$dbx.hashExp({ status: "draft" })
);
console.log(`Found ${records.length} unpublished posts`);
});
// Remove a registered job by ID (useful in tests or feature toggles)
// cronRemove("notify-unpublished");
```
**Cron expression reference:**
```
┌─── minute (0 - 59)
│ ┌── hour (0 - 23)
│ │ ┌─ day-of-month (1 - 31)
│ │ │ ┌ month (1 - 12)
│ │ │ │ ┌ day-of-week (0 - 6, Sunday = 0)
│ │ │ │ │
* * * * *
Examples:
*/2 * * * * every 2 minutes
0 3 * * * daily at 03:00
0 0 * * 0 weekly on Sunday midnight
@hourly macro equivalent to 0 * * * *
```
**Key rules:**
- System jobs use the `__pb*__` ID prefix (e.g. `__pbLogsCleanup__`). Never call `RemoveAll()` or use that prefix for your own jobs.
- All registered cron jobs are visible and can be manually triggered from _Dashboard > Settings > Crons_.
- JSVM handlers have access to `$app` but **not** to outer-scope variables (see JSVM scope rule).
- Go jobs can use `app` directly (not `e.App`) because they run outside the hook/transaction context.
Reference: [Go Jobs scheduling](https://pocketbase.io/docs/go-jobs-scheduling/) | [JS Jobs scheduling](https://pocketbase.io/docs/js-jobs-scheduling/)

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---
title: Always Close the Filesystem Handle Returned by NewFilesystem
impact: HIGH
impactDescription: Leaked filesystem clients keep S3 connections and file descriptors open until the process exits
tags: filesystem, extending, files, s3, NewFilesystem, close
---
## Always Close the Filesystem Handle Returned by NewFilesystem
`app.NewFilesystem()` (Go) and `$app.newFilesystem()` (JS) return a filesystem client backed by either the local disk or S3, depending on the app settings. **The caller owns the handle** and must close it - there is no finalizer and no automatic pooling. Leaking handles leaks TCP connections to S3 and file descriptors on disk, and eventually the server will stop accepting uploads.
PocketBase also ships a second client: `app.NewBackupsFilesystem()` for the backups bucket/directory, with the same ownership rules.
**Incorrect (no close, raw bytes buffered in memory):**
```go
// ❌ Forgets to close fs - connection leaks
func downloadAvatar(app core.App, key string) ([]byte, error) {
fs, err := app.NewFilesystem()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
// ❌ no defer fs.Close()
// ❌ GetFile loads the whole file into a reader; reading it all into a
// byte slice defeats streaming for large files
r, err := fs.GetFile(key)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer r.Close()
return io.ReadAll(r)
}
```
**Correct (defer Close, stream to the HTTP response):**
```go
func serveAvatar(app core.App, key string) echo.HandlerFunc {
return func(e *core.RequestEvent) error {
fs, err := app.NewFilesystem()
if err != nil {
return e.InternalServerError("filesystem init failed", err)
}
defer fs.Close() // REQUIRED
// Serve directly from the filesystem - handles ranges, content-type,
// and the X-Accel-Redirect / X-Sendfile headers when available
return fs.Serve(e.Response, e.Request, key, "avatar.jpg")
}
}
// Uploading a local file to the PocketBase-managed filesystem
func importAvatar(app core.App, record *core.Record, path string) error {
f, err := filesystem.NewFileFromPath(path)
if err != nil {
return err
}
record.Set("avatar", f) // assignment + app.Save() persist it
return app.Save(record)
}
```
```javascript
// JSVM - file factories live on the $filesystem global
const file1 = $filesystem.fileFromPath("/tmp/import.jpg");
const file2 = $filesystem.fileFromBytes(new Uint8Array([0xff, 0xd8]), "logo.jpg");
const file3 = $filesystem.fileFromURL("https://example.com/a.jpg");
// Assigning to a record field triggers upload on save
record.set("avatar", file1);
$app.save(record);
// Low-level client - MUST be closed
const fs = $app.newFilesystem();
try {
const list = fs.list("thumbs/");
for (const obj of list) {
console.log(obj.key, obj.size);
}
} finally {
fs.close(); // REQUIRED
}
```
**Rules:**
- `defer fs.Close()` **immediately** after a successful `NewFilesystem()` / `NewBackupsFilesystem()` call (Go). In JS, wrap in `try { ... } finally { fs.close() }`.
- Prefer the high-level record-field API (`record.Set("field", file)` + `app.Save`) over direct `fs.Upload` calls - it handles thumbs regeneration, orphan cleanup, and hook integration.
- File factory functions (`filesystem.NewFileFromPath`, `NewFileFromBytes`, `NewFileFromURL` / JS `$filesystem.fileFromPath|Bytes|URL`) capture their input; they do not stream until save.
- `fileFromURL` performs an HTTP GET and loads the body into memory - not appropriate for large files.
- Do not share a single long-lived `fs` across unrelated requests; the object is cheap to create per request.
Reference: [Go Filesystem](https://pocketbase.io/docs/go-filesystem/) · [JS Filesystem](https://pocketbase.io/docs/js-filesystem/)

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---
title: Bind User Input in Server-Side Filters with {:placeholder} Params
impact: CRITICAL
impactDescription: String-concatenating user input into filter expressions is a direct injection vulnerability
tags: extending, filter, injection, security, FindRecordsByFilter, dbx
---
## Bind User Input in Server-Side Filters with {:placeholder} Params
Server-side helpers like `FindFirstRecordByFilter`, `FindRecordsByFilter`, and `dbx.NewExp` accept a filter string that supports `{:name}` placeholders. **Never** concatenate user input into the filter - PocketBase's filter parser has its own syntax that is sensitive to quoting, and concatenation allows an attacker to alter the query (same class of bug as SQL injection).
**Incorrect (string interpolation - filter injection):**
```go
// ❌ attacker sets email to: x' || 1=1 || email='
// resulting filter bypasses the intended match entirely
email := e.Request.URL.Query().Get("email")
record, err := app.FindFirstRecordByFilter(
"users",
"email = '"+email+"' && verified = true", // ❌
)
```
```javascript
// JSVM - same class of bug
const email = e.request.url.query().get("email");
const record = $app.findFirstRecordByFilter(
"users",
`email = '${email}' && verified = true`, // ❌
);
```
**Correct (named placeholders + params map):**
```go
import "github.com/pocketbase/dbx"
email := e.Request.URL.Query().Get("email")
record, err := app.FindFirstRecordByFilter(
"users",
"email = {:email} && verified = true",
dbx.Params{"email": email}, // values are quoted/escaped by the framework
)
if err != nil {
return e.NotFoundError("user not found", err)
}
// Paginated variant: FindRecordsByFilter(collection, filter, sort, limit, offset, params...)
recs, err := app.FindRecordsByFilter(
"posts",
"author = {:author} && status = {:status}",
"-created",
20, 0,
dbx.Params{"author": e.Auth.Id, "status": "published"},
)
```
```javascript
// JSVM - second argument after the filter is the params object
const record = $app.findFirstRecordByFilter(
"users",
"email = {:email} && verified = true",
{ email: email },
);
const recs = $app.findRecordsByFilter(
"posts",
"author = {:author} && status = {:status}",
"-created", 20, 0,
{ author: e.auth.id, status: "published" },
);
```
**Rules:**
- Placeholder syntax is `{:name}` inside the filter string, and the value is supplied via `dbx.Params{"name": value}` (Go) or a plain object (JS).
- The same applies to `dbx.NewExp("LOWER(email) = {:email}", dbx.Params{"email": email})` when writing raw `dbx` expressions.
- Passing a `types.DateTime` / `DateTime` value binds it correctly - do not stringify dates manually.
- `nil` / `null` binds as SQL NULL; use `field = null` or `field != null` in the filter expression.
- The filter grammar is the same as used by collection API rules - consult [Filter Syntax](https://pocketbase.io/docs/api-rules-and-filters/#filters) for operators.
Reference: [Go database - FindRecordsByFilter](https://pocketbase.io/docs/go-records/#fetch-records-via-filter-expression) · [JS database - findRecordsByFilter](https://pocketbase.io/docs/js-records/#fetch-records-via-filter-expression)

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---
title: Use DBConnect Only When You Need a Custom SQLite Driver
impact: MEDIUM
impactDescription: Incorrect driver setup breaks both data.db and auxiliary.db, or introduces unnecessary CGO
tags: go, extending, sqlite, custom-driver, cgo, fts5, dbconnect
---
## Use DBConnect Only When You Need a Custom SQLite Driver
PocketBase ships with the **pure-Go** `modernc.org/sqlite` driver (no CGO required). Only reach for a custom driver when you specifically need SQLite extensions like ICU, FTS5, or spatialite that the default driver doesn't expose. `DBConnect` is called **twice** — once for `pb_data/data.db` and once for `pb_data/auxiliary.db` — so driver registration and PRAGMAs must be idempotent.
**Incorrect (unnecessary custom driver, mismatched builder, CGO without justification):**
```go
// ❌ Adding a CGO dependency with no need for extensions
import _ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
func main() {
app := pocketbase.NewWithConfig(pocketbase.Config{
DBConnect: func(dbPath string) (*dbx.DB, error) {
// ❌ "sqlite3" builder name used but "pb_sqlite3" driver was registered —
// or vice versa — causing "unknown driver" / broken query generation
return dbx.Open("sqlite3", dbPath)
},
})
if err := app.Start(); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
```
**Correct (mattn/go-sqlite3 with CGO — proper PRAGMA init hook and builder map entry):**
```go
package main
import (
"database/sql"
"log"
"github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
"github.com/pocketbase/dbx"
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase"
)
func init() {
// Use a unique driver name to avoid conflicts with other packages.
// sql.Register panics if called twice with the same name, so put it in init().
sql.Register("pb_sqlite3", &sqlite3.SQLiteDriver{
ConnectHook: func(conn *sqlite3.SQLiteConn) error {
_, err := conn.Exec(`
PRAGMA busy_timeout = 10000;
PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL;
PRAGMA journal_size_limit = 200000000;
PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL;
PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;
PRAGMA temp_store = MEMORY;
PRAGMA cache_size = -32000;
`, nil)
return err
},
})
// Mirror the sqlite3 query builder so PocketBase generates correct SQL
dbx.BuilderFuncMap["pb_sqlite3"] = dbx.BuilderFuncMap["sqlite3"]
}
func main() {
app := pocketbase.NewWithConfig(pocketbase.Config{
DBConnect: func(dbPath string) (*dbx.DB, error) {
return dbx.Open("pb_sqlite3", dbPath)
},
})
if err := app.Start(); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
```
**Correct (ncruces/go-sqlite3 — no CGO, PRAGMAs via DSN query string):**
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"github.com/pocketbase/dbx"
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase"
_ "github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/driver"
_ "github.com/ncruces/go-sqlite3/embed"
)
func main() {
const pragmas = "?_pragma=busy_timeout(10000)" +
"&_pragma=journal_mode(WAL)" +
"&_pragma=journal_size_limit(200000000)" +
"&_pragma=synchronous(NORMAL)" +
"&_pragma=foreign_keys(ON)" +
"&_pragma=temp_store(MEMORY)" +
"&_pragma=cache_size(-32000)"
app := pocketbase.NewWithConfig(pocketbase.Config{
DBConnect: func(dbPath string) (*dbx.DB, error) {
return dbx.Open("sqlite3", "file:"+dbPath+pragmas)
},
})
if err := app.Start(); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
```
**Conditional custom driver with default fallback:**
```go
app := pocketbase.NewWithConfig(pocketbase.Config{
DBConnect: func(dbPath string) (*dbx.DB, error) {
// Use custom driver only for the main data file; fall back for auxiliary
if strings.HasSuffix(dbPath, "data.db") {
return dbx.Open("pb_sqlite3", dbPath)
}
return core.DefaultDBConnect(dbPath)
},
})
```
**Decision guide:**
| Need | Driver |
|------|--------|
| Default (no extensions) | Built-in `modernc.org/sqlite` — no `DBConnect` config needed |
| FTS5, ICU, spatialite | `mattn/go-sqlite3` (CGO) or `ncruces/go-sqlite3` (WASM, no CGO) |
| Reduce binary size | `go build -tags no_default_driver` to exclude the default driver (~4 MB saved) |
| Conditional fallback | Call `core.DefaultDBConnect(dbPath)` inside your `DBConnect` function |
Reference: [Extend with Go - Custom SQLite driver](https://pocketbase.io/docs/go-overview/#custom-sqlite-driver)

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@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
---
title: Version Your Schema with Go Migrations
impact: HIGH
impactDescription: Guarantees repeatable, transactional schema evolution and eliminates manual dashboard changes in production
tags: go, migrations, schema, database, migratecmd, extending
---
## Version Your Schema with Go Migrations
PocketBase ships with a `migratecmd` plugin that generates versioned `.go` migration files, applies them automatically on `serve`, and lets you roll back with `migrate down`. Because the files are compiled into your binary, no extra migration tool is needed.
**Incorrect (one-off SQL or dashboard changes in production):**
```go
// ❌ Running raw SQL directly at startup without a migration file
// the change is applied every restart and has no rollback path.
app.OnServe().BindFunc(func(se *core.ServeEvent) error {
_, err := app.DB().NewQuery(
"ALTER TABLE posts ADD COLUMN summary TEXT DEFAULT ''",
).Execute()
return err
})
// ❌ Forgetting to import the migrations package means
// registered migrations are never executed.
package main
import (
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase"
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/plugins/migratecmd"
// _ "myapp/migrations" ← omitted: migrations never run
)
```
**Correct (register migratecmd, import migrations package):**
```go
// main.go
package main
import (
"log"
"os"
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase"
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/plugins/migratecmd"
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/tools/osutils"
// Import side-effects only; this registers all init() migrations.
_ "myapp/migrations"
)
func main() {
app := pocketbase.New()
migratecmd.MustRegister(app, app.RootCmd, migratecmd.Config{
// Automigrate generates a new .go file whenever you make
// collection changes in the Dashboard (dev-only).
Automigrate: osutils.IsProbablyGoRun(),
})
if err := app.Start(); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
```
**Create and write a migration:**
```bash
# Create a blank migration file in ./migrations/
go run . migrate create "add_summary_to_posts"
```
```go
// migrations/1687801090_add_summary_to_posts.go
package migrations
import (
"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/core"
m "github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/migrations"
)
func init() {
m.Register(func(app core.App) error {
// app is a transactional App instance safe to use directly.
collection, err := app.FindCollectionByNameOrId("posts")
if err != nil {
return err
}
collection.Fields.Add(&core.TextField{
Name: "summary",
Required: false,
})
return app.Save(collection)
}, func(app core.App) error {
// Optional rollback
collection, err := app.FindCollectionByNameOrId("posts")
if err != nil {
return err
}
collection.Fields.RemoveByName("summary")
return app.Save(collection)
})
}
```
**Snapshot all collections (useful for a fresh repo):**
```bash
# Generates a migration file that recreates your current schema from scratch.
go run . migrate collections
```
**Clean up dev migration history:**
```bash
# Remove _migrations table entries that have no matching .go file.
# Run after squashing or deleting intermediate dev migration files.
go run . migrate history-sync
```
**Apply / roll back manually:**
```bash
go run . migrate up # apply all unapplied migrations
go run . migrate down 1 # revert the last applied migration
```
**Key details:**
- Migration functions receive a **transactional** `core.App` treat it as the database source of truth. Never use the outer `app` variable inside migration callbacks.
- New unapplied migrations run automatically on every `serve` start no manual step in production.
- `Automigrate: osutils.IsProbablyGoRun()` limits auto-generation to `go run` (development) and prevents accidental file creation in production binaries.
- Prefer the collection API (`app.Save(collection)`) over raw SQL `ALTER TABLE` so PocketBase's internal schema cache stays consistent.
- Commit all generated `.go` files to version control; do **not** commit `pb_data/`.
Reference: [Extend with Go Migrations](https://pocketbase.io/docs/go-migrations/)

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